Abstract:Cell encapsulation within hydrogel droplets is transforming what is feasible in multiple fields of biomedical science such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in vitro modeling, and cell-based therapies. Recent advances have allowed researchers to miniaturize material encapsulation complexes down to single-cell scales, where each complex, termed a singlecell microgel, contains only one cell surrounded by a hydrogel matrix while remaining <100 μm in size. With this achievement, studies requiring si… Show more
“…Cell encapsulation can take on different forms, single-cell encapsulation or encapsulation of small cell clusters as covered in these relevant reviews [ 6 , 12 – 15 ]. Single cell encapsulation offers a defined way of engineering materials for implants.…”
Section: Key Considerations For Cell Microencapsulationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As such multiple in vivo and clinical trials have been performed to demonstrate the therapeutic capabilities of microencapsulation in various disease models (Tables 1 and 2 ). The use of alginate, alone or in combination with other polymers, remains a popular choice due to the familiarity of the material; however, alternate natural and synthetic polymers utilised include polyethylene glycol (PEG), agarose, hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), or dextrans [ 15 , 50 , 51 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Mechanics Of Microencapsulationmentioning
Mapping a new therapeutic route can be fraught with challenges, but recent developments in the preparation and properties of small particles combined with significant improvements to tried and tested techniques offer refined cell targeting with tremendous translational potential. Regenerating new cells through the use of compounds that regulate epigenetic pathways represents an attractive approach that is gaining increased attention for the treatment of several diseases including Type 1 Diabetes and cardiomyopathy. However, cells that have been regenerated using epigenetic agents will still encounter immunological barriers as well as limitations associated with their longevity and potency during transplantation. Strategies aimed at protecting these epigenetically regenerated cells from the host immune response include microencapsulation. Microencapsulation can provide new solutions for the treatment of many diseases. In particular, it offers an advantageous method of administering therapeutic materials and molecules that cannot be substituted by pharmacological substances. Promising clinical findings have shown the potential beneficial use of microencapsulation for islet transplantation as well as for cardiac, hepatic, and neuronal repair. For the treatment of diseases such as type I diabetes that requires insulin release regulated by the patient's metabolic needs, microencapsulation may be the most effective therapeutic strategy. However, new materials need to be developed, so that transplanted encapsulated cells are able to survive for longer periods in the host. In this article, we discuss microencapsulation strategies and chart recent progress in nanomedicine that offers new potential for this area in the future.
“…Cell encapsulation can take on different forms, single-cell encapsulation or encapsulation of small cell clusters as covered in these relevant reviews [ 6 , 12 – 15 ]. Single cell encapsulation offers a defined way of engineering materials for implants.…”
Section: Key Considerations For Cell Microencapsulationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As such multiple in vivo and clinical trials have been performed to demonstrate the therapeutic capabilities of microencapsulation in various disease models (Tables 1 and 2 ). The use of alginate, alone or in combination with other polymers, remains a popular choice due to the familiarity of the material; however, alternate natural and synthetic polymers utilised include polyethylene glycol (PEG), agarose, hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), or dextrans [ 15 , 50 , 51 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Mechanics Of Microencapsulationmentioning
Mapping a new therapeutic route can be fraught with challenges, but recent developments in the preparation and properties of small particles combined with significant improvements to tried and tested techniques offer refined cell targeting with tremendous translational potential. Regenerating new cells through the use of compounds that regulate epigenetic pathways represents an attractive approach that is gaining increased attention for the treatment of several diseases including Type 1 Diabetes and cardiomyopathy. However, cells that have been regenerated using epigenetic agents will still encounter immunological barriers as well as limitations associated with their longevity and potency during transplantation. Strategies aimed at protecting these epigenetically regenerated cells from the host immune response include microencapsulation. Microencapsulation can provide new solutions for the treatment of many diseases. In particular, it offers an advantageous method of administering therapeutic materials and molecules that cannot be substituted by pharmacological substances. Promising clinical findings have shown the potential beneficial use of microencapsulation for islet transplantation as well as for cardiac, hepatic, and neuronal repair. For the treatment of diseases such as type I diabetes that requires insulin release regulated by the patient's metabolic needs, microencapsulation may be the most effective therapeutic strategy. However, new materials need to be developed, so that transplanted encapsulated cells are able to survive for longer periods in the host. In this article, we discuss microencapsulation strategies and chart recent progress in nanomedicine that offers new potential for this area in the future.
“…In such a system, cells can be delivered to a targeted site through less invasive injection to achieve tissue regeneration, so as to effectively achieve cell therapy in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. [ 120–129 ] For instance, Lipke et al. encapsulated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in PEG‐fibrinogen gel microspheres fabricated by photo‐crosslinking strategy.…”
Section: Cells and Drugs Related Biomedical Applications Determined B...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In such a system, cells can be delivered to a targeted site through less invasive injection to achieve tissue regeneration, so as to effectively achieve cell therapy in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. [120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129] For instance, Lipke et al encapsulated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in PEG-fibrinogen gel microspheres fabricated by photo-crosslinking strategy. The results revealed that the encapsulated hiPSCs began cardiac differentiation on the third day and gradually formed a functional cardiac tissue-like microsphere.…”
Section: Cell Delivery System Based On Single Structure Mprsmentioning
with advanced functions, [6] can be attributed to two aspects. 1) The exquisite control and manipulation abilities of fluids at a microscale have reached a new height as droplet microfluidic technology is leaping forward. The precisely tunable interface characteristics of emulsion templates, determined by the optimization of fluids composition and interfacial complexity, contribute to the inherent interface properties of MPRs. [7][8][9][10] 2) The introduction of advanced materials expands the interface characteristics of the MPRs. Considerable natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and stimuli-responsive biomaterials have been employed continuously with the development of materials science. As a result, a series of performances possessed by the materials can significantly improve the inherent interface characteristics of the MPRs under a combination of the mentioned advanced materials. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Overall, researchers have stressed the improvement of the development process of interface characteristics and functions (such as substance encapsulation and controlled release) by providing novel technical innovations in every aspect to support biomedical clinical applications related to cells and drugs. Recently, the types, preparation methods, and biomedical applications of MPRs have been systematically presented in several excellent reviews. [3][4][5][8][9][10][17][18][19][20] The thermodynamic properties of liquid-liquid droplet reactors have been analyzed more specifically in some reviews. [7,17] However, the origin of interface characteristics of MPRs, as well as the function and cuttingedge cell-and drug-related biomedical applications determined by the interface characteristics, are deficient in a systematic summary. This review highlights that different emulsion templates endow the inherent interface characteristics of MPRs. Besides, the methods of converting emulsion templates into MPRs are summarized by introducing specific functional biomaterials, followed by the flexible and adjustable interface characteristics expanded by the mentioned materials. Moreover, the biomedical applications related to cells and drugs are analyzed based on the mentioned unique interface characteristics of the MPRs. Furthermore, the existing challenges regarding the current status are presented, and the subsequent development of the MPRs is illustrated from various perspectives (Scheme 1).
“…droplet microfluidics, vibrating jet, inkjet, jet cutting, electrospraying, air-induced spraying) that offered unprecedented advantages, including high-throughput analysis of single cells, biomimetic 3D microenvironments, improved tissue engineering, and cell-based therapy [49]. Another review reports differences on single-cell microgel based on natural (agarose, collagen, hyaluronic acid, etc) and synthetic (PEG and polyacrylate derivatives) hydrogels fabricated by extrusion-based single-cell and microfluidic-based droplet generation as promising tools to understand and direct complex biological systems and cell behaviors as well as enhanced in vitro cell culture, diagnostics, and screening and in vivo therapeutics [52]. The overview of the major developments on microgel-based 3D cell culture at single-cell level is listed in Table 2, whereas the most representative examples are shown in Figure 2.…”
The Organ-on-chip (OOC) devices represent the new frontier in biomedical research to produce micro-organoids and tissues for drug testing and regenerative medicine. The development of such miniaturized models requires the 3D culture of multiple cell types in a highly controlled microenvironment, opening new challenges in reproducing the extracellular matrix (ECM) experienced by cells in vivo. In this regard, cell-laden microgels (CLMs) represent a promising tool for 3D cell culturing and on-chip generation of micro-organs. The engineering of hydrogel matrix with properly balanced biochemical and biophysical cues enables the formation of tunable 3D cellular microenvironments and long-term in vitro cultures. This focused review provides an overview of the most recent applications of CLMs in microfluidic devices for organoids formation, highlighting microgels’ roles in OOC development as well as insights into future research.
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