Singapore Indian Eye Study‐2: methodology and impact of migration on systemic and eye outcomes

Sabanayagam, Charumathi; Yip, W. C. L.; Gupta, Preeti; Abdul, Riswana Bb Mohd; Lamoureux, Ecosse L.; Neelam, Kumari; Cheung, Gemmy Cm; Cheung, Carol Y.; Wang, Jie Jin; Cheng, Ching‐Yu; Wong, Tien Yin

doi:10.1111/ceo.12974

Cited by 66 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…In the respective follow-up studies (median follow-up period of 6.2 years), a participant from the original studies was considered to be subsequently ineligible if the he or she had moved from the address of residence, had not lived in the residence in the past 6 months, or was terminally ill or deceased. Thus, after excluding 644 and 486 ineligible SiMES and SINDI participants respectively, 1901 of the 2636 (72.1% response rate) eligible SiMES participants, and 2200 of the 2914 (75.5% response rate) eligible SINDI participants attended the follow-up studies 23 , 24 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effect of body mass index on the incidence of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in two Asian populations

et al. 2018

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AimsTo examine the association of body mass index (BMI) with the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Asians.MethodsWe analysed data from 4101 adults (Malay, n = 1901 and Indian, n = 2200) who participated in the baseline (2004–2009) and 6-year follow-up (2011–2015) of two independent population-based studies with similar methodology in Singapore. BMI was categorised into normal (<25 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2). DM was diagnosed as random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL, HbA1c ≥6.5% or self-reported physician diagnosed DM. DR was assessed from retinal photographs graded using a standard protocol. The associations of baseline BMI with incident DM and DR was examined using multivariable poisson regression models adjusting for potential confounders including duration of DM, family history of DM and HbA1c.ResultsThe incidence of DM was 12.8% and among 1586 participants with DM, the incidence of DR was 17.6% over a median follow-up period of 6.2 years. Compared to those with BMI < 25, the relative risk (95% confidence interval) of incident DM was 1.77 (1.36–2.29) for overweight and 2.01 (1.50–2.71) for obese (p trend < 0.001). Relative risk of DR was 0.80 (0.59–1.09) for overweight and 0.60 (0.39–0.92) for obese (p trend = 0.02). In analyses stratified by ethnicity, similar pattern of associations with DM and DR were observed in both ethnicities.ConclusionOur results suggest that, overweight and obesity increased the 6-year risk of DM but decreased the 6-year risk of DR in these Asian populations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effect of body mass index on the incidence of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in two Asian populations

et al. 2018

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“…21,[27][28][29][30] In brief, the study protocol comprised a comprehensive, standardized examination to collect clinical and questionnaire data. 28,29 For the current study, we included the crosssectional data from the SEED-2, as the information on eyecare utilization and spectacle affordability was only collected then . SEED-2 invited 2636, 2914, and 3033 eligible Mayas, Indians, and Chinese partici , who were visually impaired, and answered the questions on eyecare utilization and eyeglass affordability.…”

Section: Study Population and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rates and Determinants of Eyecare Utilization and Eyeglass Affordability Among Individuals With Visual Impairment in a Multi-Ethnic Population-Based Study in Singapore

Gupta

Majithia

Fenwick

et al. 2020

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Rates and determinants of eyecare utilization and eyeglass affordability among individuals with visual impairment in a multi-ethnic population-based study in Singapore. Trans Vis Sci Tech. 2020;9(5):11, https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.9.5.11Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the rates of, and factors associated with, eyecare utilization and spectacle affordability among Singaporeans with vision impairment (VI). Methods:We included adults with VI from their second visit of the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Disease Study. Data on eyecare utilization and spectacle affordability were collected. Low eyecare utilization was defined as no eye check ever or eye checks not even once per year in reference to at least once per year. Difficulty affording glasses was defined as glasses being rated as expensive in reference to not expensive.Results: There were 985 adults (14.5%; 415 Malays, 260 Indian, and 310 Chinese; mean age [SD]: 69.5 [10.2] years; 55.4% women) with VI who answered the above questions, were included. Of these, 624 (63.4%) wore glasses. The rates of low eyecare utilization and difficulty affording eyeglasses were 31% and 63%, respectively. Compared to Chinese (23.8%) and Indians (18.8%), Malays (57.4%) had the highest rates of low eyecare utilization (P < 0.001), and most difficulty affording eyeglasses (47.2% vs. 26.1% and 26.6% in Chinese and Indians, respectively; P < 0.001). Younger age, low socioeconomic status, absence of diabetes, absence of self-reported eye conditions, and poor vision were independently associated with low eyecare utilization, whereas older age and female sex was associated with difficulty affording glasses. Conclusions:In this multi-ethnic population with VI, almost one-third had low eyecare utilization and nearly two-thirds reported difficulty affording eyeglasses.Translational Relevance: This will inform strategies, such as tailored eyecare utilization awareness campaigns and awareness of available subsidy schemes for at-risk Singaporeans, such as Malays.

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“…The Singapore Indian Eye Study (SINDI-1 and -2) is a population-based cohort study of Indian adults (aged 40–80 years) living in Singapore, with baseline and follow-up assessments conducted between 2007 and 2015 29 , 30 . Briefly, from a list of 12,000 individuals living in south-western Singapore, an age-stratified random sampling method selected 6350 names, of which 4168 were eligible.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study was conducted at the research clinic of the Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI). The protocol included a comprehensive, standardized examination as well as a questionnaire administered by interviewers trained to collect clinical and socio-demographic data, as described previously 29 , 30 . All protocols followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and received ethics approval by the SingHealth Institutional Review Board.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in First and Second-Generation Indians: The Singapore Indian Eye Study

Gupta

Gan

Fenwick

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Population-based data investigating generational differences in the risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk determinants are rare. We examined the 6-year incidence of CVD and its risk factors in first- and second-generation ethnic Indians living in Singapore. 1749 participants (mean age [SD]: 55.5 [8.8] years; 47.5% male) from a population-based, longitudinal study of Indian adults were included for incident CVD outcome. Incident CVD was defined as self-reported myocardial infarction, angina pectoris or stroke which developed between baseline and follow-up. CVD-related risk factors included incident diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD). For incident CVD outcome, of the 1749 participants, 406 (23.2%) and 1343 (76.8%) were first and second-generation Indians, respectively. Of these, 73 (4.1%) reported incident CVD. In multivariable models, second-generation individuals had increased risk of developing CVD (RR = 2.04; 95% CI 1.04, 3.99; p = 0.038), hyperlipidemia (RR = 1.27; 95% CI 1.06, 1.53; p = 0.011), and CKD (RR = 1.92; 95% CI 1.22, 3.04; p = 0.005), compared to first-generation Indians. Second-generation Indians have increased risk of developing CVD and its associated risk factors such as hyperlipidemia and CKD compared to first-generation immigrants, independent of traditional CVD risk factors. More stratified and tailored CVD prevention strategies on second and subsequent generations of Indian immigrants in Singapore are warranted.

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Singapore Indian Eye Study‐2: methodology and impact of migration on systemic and eye outcomes

Abstract: In both SINDI and SINDI-2, second-generation immigrants had lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors except smoking and obesity compared with first-generation immigrants. The final report will confirm if these differences between generations are evident with regard to eye diseases.

Cited by 66 publications

References 35 publications

Differential effect of body mass index on the incidence of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in two Asian populations

Differential effect of body mass index on the incidence of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in two Asian populations

Rates and Determinants of Eyecare Utilization and Eyeglass Affordability Among Individuals With Visual Impairment in a Multi-Ethnic Population-Based Study in Singapore

Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in First and Second-Generation Indians: The Singapore Indian Eye Study

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