Simultaneous temperature and viscosity estimation capability via magnetic nanoparticle relaxation

Abstract

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is emerging as a highly promising imaging modality. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used as imaging tracers in MPI, and their relaxation behavior provides the foundation for its functional imaging capability. Since MNPs are also utilized in magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) and MPI enables localized MFH, temperature mapping arises as an important application area of MPI.To achieve accurate temperature estimations, however, one must also take into account the confounding effects of viscosity on the MPI signal. In this work, we analyze the effects of temperature and viscosity on MNP relaxation and determine temperature and viscosity sensitivities of relaxation time constant estimations via TAURUS (TAU estimation via Recovery of Underlying mirror Symmetry) at a wide range of operating points to empower simultaneous mapping of these two parameters. Methods: A total of 15 samples were prepared to reach four target viscosity levels (0.9-3.6 mPa⋅s) at five different temperatures (25-45 • C). Experiments were performed on a magnetic particle spectrometer (MPS) setup at 60 different operating points at drive field amplitudes ranging between 5 and 25 mT and frequencies ranging between 1 and 7 kHz. To enable these extensive experiments, an in-house arbitrary-waveform MPS setup with temperature-controlled heating capability was developed. The operating points were divided into four groups with comparable signal levels to maximize signal gain during rapid signal acquisition. The relaxation time constants were estimated via TAURUS, by restoring the underlying mirror symmetry property of the positive and negative half cycles of the time-domain MNP response. The relative time constants with respect to the drive field period, τ, were computed to enable quantitative comparison across different operating points. At each operating point, a linear fit was performed to τ as a function of each functional parameter (i.e., temperature or viscosity). The slopes of these linear fits were utilized to compute the temperature and viscosity sensitivities of TAURUS. Results: Except for outlier behaviors at 1 kHz, the following global trends were observed: τ decreases with drive field amplitude, increases with drive field frequency, decreases with temperature, and increases with viscosity. The temperature sensitivity varies slowly across the operating points and reaches a maximum value of 1.18%/ • C. In contrast, viscosity sensitivity is high at low frequencies around 1 kHz with a maximum value of 13.4%/(mPa⋅s) but rapidly falls after 3 kHz. These results suggest that the simultaneous estimation of temperature and viscosity can be achieved by performing measurements at two different drive field settings that provide complementary temperature/viscosity sensitivities. Alternatively, temperature estimation alone can be achieved with a single measurement at drive field frequencies above 3 kHz, where viscosity sensitivity is minimized.

Magnetic Particle Imaging in Vascular Imaging, Immunotherapy, Cell Tracking, and Noninvasive Diagnosis

“…Newer MPI technologies, such as pulsed MPI and Color-MPI can measure the relaxation time constant of the iron 5 Molecular Imaging oxide nanoparticles and provide information about the local environment surrounding the particles influenced by the diseased physiology [52,[83][84][85]. This could be viscosity changes, temperature changes, or both [86,87].…”

Relaxation spectral analysis in multi‐contrast vascular magnetic particle imaging

“…A linear relationship between the Brownian relaxation time and viscosity only exists when the viscosity level was <3.2 mPa ⋅ s. The Brownian relaxation time became saturated when the viscosity level is >3.2 mPa ⋅ s, which still falls within the biologically relevant viscosity range (<4 mPa ⋅ s). 9 This may be a limitation of the method using Brownian relaxation time for viscosity prediction.…”

“…7 The basic relaxation mechanisms under a static field H 0 include internal rotation (Néel relaxation) and external physical rotation (Brownian relaxation). 8 The field-dependent Néel relaxation time 𝜏 N is defined as 9 :…”

“…The basic relaxation mechanisms under a static field H 0 include internal rotation (Néel relaxation) and external physical rotation (Brownian relaxation) 8 . The field‐dependent Néel relaxation time $${\tau _N}$$ is defined as 9 : $$$$\begin{eqnarray}{\tau _N} &=& {\tau _{N0}}\;\frac{{\sqrt \pi {\sigma ^{ - 3/2}}}}{{1 - {h^2}}} \left[ \left( {1 - h} \right){e^{ - \sigma {{\left( {1 - h} \right)}^2}}} \right. \nonumber\\ &&\left.$$…”

Bimodal Interventional Instrument Markers for Magnetic Particle Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging—A Proof-of-Concept Study

“…On the other hand, MPI can be used for accurate instrument tracking and quantitative imaging. In addition, the therapeutic effect of the tumor ablation can be monitored by the means of MPI with heating and viscosity mapping [ 16 , 17 ]. Instruments that are safe and clearly delineable in MRI and MPI are a prerequisite for further pursuing this concept of MPI/MRI hybrid imaging for cardiovascular interventions.…”