Simultaneous Square‐Wave Voltammetric Determination of Paracetamol, Caffeine and Orphenadrine in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using a Cathodically Pretreated Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrode

Abstract

An electroanalytical method for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PAR), caffeine (CAF), and orphenadrine (ORPH) using the square‐wave voltammetry (SWV) and a cathodically pretreated boron‐doped diamond electrode was developed. The method exhibits linear responses to PAR, CAF, and ORPH in the concentration ranges 5.4×10−7–6.1×10−5 M, 7.8×10−7–3.5×10−5 M, and 7.8×10−7–3.5×10−5 M, respectively, with detection limits of 2.3×10−7 M, 9.6×10−8 M, and 8.4×10−8 M, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied in the simultaneous determination of these analytes in pharmaceutical formulations.

Electroanalytical application of a boron-doped diamond electrode: Improving the simultaneous voltammetric determination of amlodipine and valsartan in urine and combined dosage forms

“…Similar effects of cathodic pretreatment of this type electrode were also obtained for other compounds, as previously reported [16,21,23,26,40,41].…”

“…They represent the useful alternative methods widely applied in analysis of pharmaceuticals, because it involving operation simplicity, low-cost instrumentation, high sensitivity and rapidity of data acquisition, and there is also the possibility of analysis of colored or solutions with suspended solids. In this way, electrochemical methods have been sufficiently used in combination with boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode for the development of analytical procedures for pharmaceutical compounds, as evidenced by studies reported in scientific literature in the last decade [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. BDD electrode is particularly attractive in electroanalytical applications for pharmaceutical compounds due to wide working potential window in aqueous solutions, which allows for the quantification of electroactive species without the interference of water decomposition, long term stability, inertness of the surface to adsorption of reaction products, good resistance to passivation, high chemical stability, lower residual current, and low sensitivity to dissolved oxygen [15,[27][28][29].…”

Amperometric determination of 8-chlorotheophylline, caffeine, and diphenhydramine in a single run

“…As reported in previous works, an equal number of electrons and protons is transferred in the electrochemical oxidation of CTP (4e -and 4H + ) 21,22 and CAF (4e -and 4H + ). [23][24][25] In addition, scan rate studies carried out by cyclic voltammetry show that the electrode processes for both CTP and CAF are controlled by diffusion. 9,23 On the other hand, investigations on the electrochemical mechanism of DIP were difficult to be obtained due to its poorly defined oxidation peak (near to background discharge potentials).…”

Development of HPLC Method for Quantification of Orphenadrine, Paracetamol, and Caffeine in Pharmaceutical Formulations

“…O paracetamol possui propriedades analgésicas e é antipirético, sendo uma droga usada para aliviar dores e febres, além de ser uma alternativa efetiva para pacientes que possuem sensibilidade à dipirona. 3 A cafeína (3,7-dihidro-1,3,7-trimetil-1H-purino-2,6-diona; CAF) age como estimulante dos sistemas nervoso e cardiovascular. A associação destes três princípios ativos em formulações farmacêuticas tem sido utilizada como analgésico e relaxante muscular (traumática ou inflamatória), bem como no tratamento de dores de cabeça.…”

“…A superdosagem destas drogas combinadas conduz a efeitos colaterais, tais como náusea, vômitos e doenças cardiovasculares. 3 …”