Simultaneous optimisation of extraction of xanthone and benzophenone α-glucosidase inhibitors from Cyclopia genistoides and identification of superior genotypes for propagation

Bosman, Stephanie C.; Beer, Dalene de; Beelders, Theresa; Willenburg, Elize L.; Walczak, Beata

doi:10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.011

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Selection of extract type for investigation was governed by extracts with commercial application and/or potential. Hot water extraction is used by industry to produce the food grade ingredient extracts added to various food products, while the 40 % ethanol extraction procedure was previously optimized for extraction of xanthones and benzophenones [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The harvested shoots (consisting of both leaves and stems) were dried intact in a temperature-controlled cross-flow drier at 40°C to a moisture content < 10 %, followed by coarse milling using a rotary mill, equipped with a 1-mm sieve (Retsch Gmbh). The hot water and 40 % ethanol (40 % ethanol-water, v/v) extracts were prepared from the same batches of milled plant material as described by de Beer et al [16] and Bosman et al [34], respectively. Briefly, this entailed a 30-min extraction of the plant material using a 1 : 10 solid : solvent ratio (m/v) with the extraction temperature maintained at 93°C for the hot water extraction and at 70°C for the 40 % ethanol extraction.…”

Section: Plant Materials and Preparation Of Extractsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyclopia Extracts Enhance Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-type T Cell Responses and Induce Foxp3+ Cells in Murine Cell Culture

et al. 2017

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, one of the traditional South African medicinal plants, and other species of the same genus offer noteworthy phenolic profiles, in particular high levels of the anti-allergic xanthone mangiferin. Hot water and 40% ethanol-water (v/v) extracts, prepared from , and were tested for immune-regulating activity using murine splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells. The 40% ethanol-water extracts of significantly enhanced production of several types of cytokines, including IL-4, IL-17, and IFN-, by antigen-stimulated splenocytes. A concentration-dependent response was observed, noticeably for IFN- production. The activity of the extracts did not correlate with the content of any of the major phenolic compounds, indicative that other extract constituents also play a role in immunomodulation. Additionally, the increased ratio of CD4CD25Foxp3 Treg cells to total CD4 cells indicated induction of Foxp3 cells when mesenteric lymph node cells were cultured in the presence of these two extracts. This study is the first reporting immunostimulatory activity for , which are widely consumed as the herbal tea known as honeybush, underpinning further investigations into the potential use of its extracts as adjuvants for mucosal immunotherapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plant Materials and Preparation Of Extractsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclopia Extracts Enhance Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-type T Cell Responses and Induce Foxp3+ Cells in Murine Cell Culture

et al. 2017

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“…30 mg freeze-dried sample (accurately weighed to 5-decimals), sealed, placed in a darkened stability cabinet at 40°C ▶ Table 3 Adjusted coefficient of determination (R 2 adj ) between mean observed content and predicted contents for the major Cyclopia genistoides compounds in UCGE 0 , XEF 0 , and BEF 0 . (SMC Scientific Manufacturing), and removed from storage after 6,12,18,24,36,48,72, and 96 h. The increase in the sample mass due to moisture uptake was determined gravimetrically. After reweighing, 15 mL aqueous (DMSO) (10 %, v/v) was added to each vial to obtain a solution with a concentration of ca.…”

Section: Storage Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Family: Fabaceae; Tribe: Podalyrieae) (▶ Fig. 1) (i.e., mangiferin, isomangiferin, I3G, and IDG), as well as for the minor benzophenone, M3G, [5,6] as part of an ongoing development of an antidiabetic nutraceutical extract and/or XEF and BEF, respectively [6,7]. Studies in the pig [8], rat [9], and human [10] confirmed that mangiferin is poorly bioavailable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Physicochemical Stability of Enriched Phenolic Fractions of Cyclopia genistoides and ex vivo Bi-directional Permeability of Major Xanthones and Benzophenones

et al. 2020

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Fractions of an ultrafiltered Cyclopia genistoides extract, respectively enriched in xanthones and benzophenones, were previously shown to inhibit mammalian α-glucosidase in vitro. The present study investigated ex vivo intestinal transport of these fractions, using excised porcine jejunal tissue, to determine whether the gut could be a predominant in vivo site of action. The major bioactive compounds, the xanthones (mangiferin, isomangiferin) and benzophenones (3-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone, 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone) exhibited poor permeation in the absorptive direction with a relatively high efflux ratio (efflux ratio > 1). The efflux ratio of 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone (3.05) was similar to rhodamine 123 (2.99), a known substrate of intestinal P-glycoprotein 1 efflux transporters. Low epithelial membrane transport rates, coupled with efflux mechanisms, would effectively concentrate these bioactive compounds at the target site (gut lumen). Storage stability testing and moisture sorption assays of the xanthone-enriched fraction, benzophenone-enriched fraction, and ultrafiltered Cyclopia genistoides extract were performed to determine their susceptibility to physical and chemical degradation during storage. Hygroscopicity of the powders, indicated by moisture uptake, decreased in the order: benzophenone-enriched fraction (22.7%) > ultrafiltered Cyclopia genistoides extract (14.0%) > xanthone-enriched fraction (10.7%). 3-β-D-Glucopyranosylmaclurin, a minor benzophenone, was the least stable of the compounds, degrading faster in the benzophenone-enriched fraction than in ultrafiltered Cyclopia genistoides extract, suggesting that the ultrafiltered extract matrix may provide a degree of protection against chemical degradation. Compound degradation during 12 wk of storage at 40 °C in moisture-impermeable containers was best explained by first order reaction kinetics.

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“…This xanthone has been isolated in variable amounts and using different extraction techniques from different parts of plants, belonging to families as Celastraceae (Salacia species), Asparagaceae (Anemarrhena species), Thymelaeaceae (Aquilaria species), Iridaceae (Iris species), Gentianaceae (Swertia species), Fabaceae (Cyclopia species), most of them traditionally used for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity. It is not an easy task to make a comparison of results, since the source of the enzyme differ among the studies (yeast [39,48,66], rice [64] or mammalian origin [67,78]), and in some cases, the source of the enzyme is omitted [69e72] or the effect of a positive control is not presented [78]. Nevertheless, in general, the effect of natural mangiferin 2 is higher than the positive control, acarbose.…”

Section: Xanthone Derivatives As A-glucosidase Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on xanthone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors

Santos

Freitas

Fernandes

2018

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry

162

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a-Glucosidase plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and is therefore an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes, obesity and other related complications. In the last two decades, considerable interest has been given to natural and synthetic xanthone derivatives in this field of research. Herein, a comprehensive review of the literature on xanthones as inhibitors of a-glucosidase activity, their mechanism of action, experimental procedures and structure-activity relationships have been reviewed for more than 280 analogs. With this overview we intend to motivate and challenge researchers (e.g. chemistry, biology, pharmaceutical and medicinal areas) for the design of novel xanthones as multipotent drugs and exploit the properties of this class of compounds in the management of diabetic complications.

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Simultaneous optimisation of extraction of xanthone and benzophenone α-glucosidase inhibitors from Cyclopia genistoides and identification of superior genotypes for propagation

Cited by 23 publications

References 30 publications

Cyclopia Extracts Enhance Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-type T Cell Responses and Induce Foxp3+ Cells in Murine Cell Culture

Cyclopia Extracts Enhance Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-type T Cell Responses and Induce Foxp3+ Cells in Murine Cell Culture

Physicochemical Stability of Enriched Phenolic Fractions of Cyclopia genistoides and ex vivo Bi-directional Permeability of Major Xanthones and Benzophenones

A comprehensive review on xanthone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors

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