Simultaneous Immobilization of Bioactives During 3D Powder Printing of Bioceramic Drug‐Release Matrices

Abstract

The combination of a degradable bioceramic scaffold and a drug‐delivery system in a single low temperature fabrication step is attractive for the reconstruction of bone defects. The production of calcium phosphate scaffolds by a multijet 3D printing system enables localized deposition of biologically active drugs and proteins with a spatial resolution of approximately 300 µm. In addition, homogeneous or localized polymer incorporation during printing with HPMC or chitosan hydrochloride allows the drug release kinetics to be retarded from first to zero order over a period of 3–4 days with release rates in the range 0.68%–0.96% h−1. The reduction in biological activity of vancomycin, heparin, and rhBMP‐2 following spraying through the ink jet nozzles is between 1% and 18%. For vancomycin, a further loss of biological activity following incorporation into a cement and subsequent in vitro release is 11%. While previously acknowledged as theoretically feasible, is its shown for the first time that bone grafts with simultaneous geometry, localized organic bioactive loading, and localized diffusion control are a physical reality. This breakthrough offers a new future for patients by providing the required material function to match patient bone health status, site of repair, and age.

Tuning dual-drug release from composite scaffolds for bone regeneration

“…3). Scaffolds 235 fabricated with similar composition and drying method to those 236 used in this work (Román et al, 2011) showed a porosity around 237 95%, with 30% for the pores with the highest diameter, around 65% (Vorndran et al, 2010). The release profiles of Figs.…”

3D printed TCP-based scaffold incorporating VEGF-loaded PLGA microspheres for craniofacial tissue engineering

“…Researchers have been attracted to the localized delivery of growth factors and drugs due to the potential for dose reduction, the reduced side effects compared to systemic delivery and the controlled and sustained release pattern [77]. Pore size, interconnectivity and geometry of scaffolds can also influence drug loading and control over release rate in vivo [78].…”

Fabrication of novel Si-doped hydroxyapatite/gelatine scaffolds by rapid prototyping for drug delivery and bone regeneration

“…Other authors have reported systems that rely on the setting reaction of cements, an exothermic reaction that implies acidic media, both conditions in which the drug may be degraded [15,16].…”