Simultaneous enhancement of red upconversion luminescence and CT contrast of NaGdF₄:Yb,Er nanoparticles via Lu³⁺ doping

Abstract

We design and synthesize an ultrasmall and high biocompatibility NH2-PEGylated-NaGdF4:Yb,Er,X% Lu nanoparticles with enhanced red upconversion luminescence and CT contrast performance.

Application of rare earth-doped nanoparticles in biological imaging and tumor treatment

“…By combining photosensitizer and photothermal agents in one system, PTT/ PDT dual therapy modality could supply a more effective therapeutic outcome than either therapeutic modality alone. In 2018, an NIR RE-doped nanoparticle NaYF 4 :Yb(18%), Er (2%) combined with mesoporous silica shell-coated gold nanorods (AuNR@mS) was constructed by Liu et al 106 via electrostatic adsorption. When excited by light, NPs can transfer energy to Au and produce thermal effects for PTT.…”

“…By a solvothermal method with high-level modulation of both the phase and morphology, Liu constructed a new type of uniform and ultra-small NaGdF 4 :Yb,Er,X% Lu (X = 0, 1, 2.5, 4, 6, and 7.5) NPs. 106 Its fluorescence emission originated from the Er 3+ could be significantly enhanced by doping Lu 3+ due to the change of the Yb-Er interionic distance. At the same time, Lu 3+ endowed the NPs with high X-ray attenuation coefficient for CT imaging.…”

“…In 2018, an NIR RE-doped nanoparticle NaYF 4 :Yb(18%), Er (2%) combined with mesoporous silica shell-coated gold nanorods (AuNR@mS) was constructed by Liu et al. 106 via electrostatic adsorption. When excited by light, NPs can transfer energy to Au and produce thermal effects for PTT.…”

Controlling the final phase of multiphase KGdF4 materials via chemical synthesis and structural phase transition

“…Moreover, optical MGdF 4 inorganic fluorides, which possess low phonon energies, can reduce energy loss during energy transfer processes [4,5]. Additionally, because these materials are matrix-doped rare earth ions, they can achieve up-and down-conversion emissions [6][7][8][9][10][11]. In terms of magnetism, Gd 3? ions have a large magnetic moment and electron relaxation time on the nanosecond timescale [12].…”

Fe3+-codoped ultra-small NaGdF4:Nd3+ nanophosphors: enhanced near-infrared luminescence, reduced particle size and bioimaging applications

“…Lanthanide (Ln 3+ )-doped uoride nanoparticles (NPs) simultaneously exhibiting small particle size and strong photoluminescence (PL) intensity are in high demand for their potential application in bioimaging. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In particular, the trivalent neodymium (Nd 3+ ) doped NPs show superior optical properties in luminescent bioimaging as both their excitation and emission can be located at the near-infrared (NIR) region, which provides high penetration depth and signal-to-noise ratio in biological specimens. [9][10][11][12] For minimizing the potential interference in cellular systems and favoring the easier excretion from the body, ultra-small NPs with particle sizes of less than 6 nm are also necessary.…”