“…Many techniques have been used to separate the redox species of vanadium in natural waters, including capillary electrophoresis (CE) [14][15][16][17][18], reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) [19][20][21][22] (including ion-pairing (IP) RPLC), and, various forms of ion chromatography [1,3,4,14,15,[23][24][25][26]. After the species have been separated by any of these techniques, they are quantified by UV [14,17], chemiluminescence [27], ICP [28], or ICPMS [14].…”