Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination of Paracetamol and Allura Red in Pharmaceutical Doses and Food Using a Mo(VI) Oxide‐Carbon Paste Microcomposite

Abstract

This work presents a new application for MoO 3 combined with carbon paste to prepare a microcomposite electrode (Mo(VI) Ox /CPE) for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PCM) and Allure Red (AR) by square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The anodic peak currents for PCM and AR were 70.0 and 80.0 % high compared with an unmodified carbon paste electrode.The surface areas of Mo(VI) Ox /CPE and CPE were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. The detection limit were 0.14 and 0.38 μmol/L for PCM and AR respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 2.0 % (n = 7). Stability, shelf life and possible interferences were also evaluated with very acceptable results.

Electrochemical Determination of Morin in Natural Food Using a Chitosan–Graphene Glassy Carbon Modified Electrode

“…On the other hand, for the electrode modified with graphene and chitosan, the value obtained was slightly lower than that in a previous report, which was 0.16 cm 2 [ 40 ]. Moreover, these results are very similar to previous reports on the use of electrodes with metal oxides and metal nanoparticles [ 44 , 45 , 46 ].…”

“…In the three electrodes, it was clearly observed that anodic peak currents increased proportionally with an increasing scan rate of between 0.02 and 0.10 V/s, but there was a slight increase with Ch-G/GCE. The linear relation for the anode and cathode currents (I pa and I pc ) versus the scan rate (ʋ)½ was plotted for the three electrodes, and the values of the slopes were substituted into the Randles–Sevcik equation [ 40 , 44 ]: I p = 2.69 × 10 5 n 3/2 AD 1/2 ν ½ C to obtain the value of the active surface area in cm 2 , where I p is the anodic peak current, n is the number of electrons ( n = 1), D is the diffusion coefficient for K 4 Fe(CN) 6 (7.6 × 10 −6 cm 2 s −1 ), ν 1/2 is the scan rate, and C is the ferricyanide concentration in mol/cm 3 .…”

Detection of Allura Red in Food Samples Using Carbon Paste Modified with Lanthanum and Titanium Oxides

“…Normally, AR can be oxidized in a wide range of acidic pH values between 2.0 and 7.0 [18,23] . In this case, the study of AR activity as a function of pH using phosphate buffer solution (PBS) values between 2.0 and 6.0 (Figure 4A) showed that the highest anodic peak current was at pH 2.0.…”

“…On the other hand, carbon electrodes are the most used for the development of modified electrodes, in some cases they have been used with Ca‐doped ZnO for detection of antihistamine drug, [40] Carbendazim [41] and Trimethoprim [42] and Silver‐Doped Titania for Furantril [43] . Cyclic voltammetry is a very versatile tool to study and characterize the properties of an electrode such as mass transport and active area [18,21,17] . These reports are clear evidence of the utility of carbon electrodes as an essential raw material in the development of electrochemical sensors [44–47] …”

Determination of Allura Red AC with a β‐Cyclodextrin‐Modified Carbon Paste Electrode

“…Voltammetry is electrochemical method of analysis, and has recently been increasingly used to develop new, fast, cheap, and selective sensors. [11] Over the past ten years, the literature has described a large number of voltammetric sensors developed for various purposes, in particular, for the analysis of pharmaceuticals, [12][13][14] natural antioxidants [15,16] and food dyes. [17][18][19] Thus, a number of sensors modified with metal nanoparticles, [20][21][22] surfactants, [19,23] carbon nanomaterials, [24][25][26][27] ionic liquids [28][29][30] and others have been described to determination of Allura Red AC.…”