Simultaneous determination of unbound ropivacaine in rat blood and brain using microdialysis

Equilibrium sampling through membrane based on a single hollow fibre for determination of drug–protein binding and free drug concentration in plasma

“…These include affinity chromatography [5], ultrafiltration [6], ultracentrifugation [3], equilibrium dialysis [7], microdialysis [8], capillary electrophoresis [9] solvent microextraction [10] and supported liquid membrane extraction [11,12]. These methods differ in their speed, data quality and complexity [13].…”

Simultaneous determination of three local anesthetic drugs from the pipecoloxylidide group in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography

“…The lower practical limit of quantification was 5 ng/ml for bupivacaine and ropivacaine, and 2 ng/ml for mepivacaine. This method offered an approximately two-to ten-fold higher sensitivity compared with the previous methods that have been reported [5][6][7]9]. All of these quantification limits are adequate for clinical and forensic analyses [1,7].…”

“…These drugs are extensively metabolized by the liver and excreted in the urine in animals and human [1]. Several methods have been previously described for the determination of the parent drug and/or the major metabolites using GC [2], highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [3][4][5][6][7][8] and LC-MS [9]. More recently, Baniceru et al [2] reported that a method of analysis based on solid-phase extraction coupled with a capillary GC system for the determination of mepivacaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine in human serum was developed.…”

Liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry determination of free and total concentrations of ropivacaine in human plasma

“…They include gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus or mass spectrometry (MS) detection [11][12][13] and liquid chromatography (LC) with ultra-violet [14][15][16][17][18][19] or MS [19,20] detection. Recently, three methods [19,21,22] by LC-MS-MS have been published; two of them allowed the quantitation of both ropivacaine and some of its metabolites in plasma [22] or urine [19].…”

“…An on-line LC-MS-MS method has been also published [22]. These published methods allowed for the quantification of either total ropivacaine [11,13,18,21,23], the total and free ropivacaine [15,20] or only the free drug [12,14,17,22]. High sample volumes are usually required, from 400 l to 1 ml; however, for both ethical and practical reasons, it is essential to limit the volume of the blood sampling in the pediatric population.…”