Simultaneous determination of paracetamol and caffeine in aqueous samples by ultrasound‐assisted emulsification microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

Today, due to the growth of the pharmaceutical industry and the high consumption of drugs, monitoring of drug residues in environmental samples because of their destructive effects on the environment and humans is essential. In the present work, ultrasound‐assisted emulsification‐microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography as a simple and fast method was applied for simultaneous determination of paracetamol and caffeine in the aqueous samples. Effective parameters on the extraction efficiencies of these analytes such as type and volume of extraction solvent, pH of sample solution, salt concentration, sonication, and centrifuging times were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graphs were linear in the range of 30.0–1100.0 ng/mL for paracetamol and 50.0–400.0 ng/mL for caffeine. The limits of detection were 9.7 and 15.2 ng/mL for paracetamol and caffeine, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of these drugs in different aqueous samples.

Simultaneous Determination of Caffeine and Paracetamol in Commercial Formulations Using Greener Normal-Phase and Reversed-Phase HPTLC Methods: A Contrast of Validation Parameters

“…It is commercially available in a wide range of dosage forms [2]. Caffeine (Figure 1B) is a pseudoalkaloidal drug that is commonly used in combination with paracetamol [3,4]. The combination of paracetamol and caffeine is the world's most widely used combination [4].…”

“…Caffeine (Figure 1B) is a pseudoalkaloidal drug that is commonly used in combination with paracetamol [3,4]. The combination of paracetamol and caffeine is the world's most widely used combination [4]. As loidal drug that is commonly used in combination with paracetamol [3,4].…”

“…The combination of paracetamol and caffeine is the world's most widely used combination [4]. As loidal drug that is commonly used in combination with paracetamol [3,4]. The combination of paracetamol and caffeine is the world's most widely used combination [4].…”

“…As loidal drug that is commonly used in combination with paracetamol [3,4]. The combination of paracetamol and caffeine is the world's most widely used combination [4]. As a result, the qualitative and quantitative standardization of caffeine and paracetamol in commercially available formulations is necessary.…”

“…For the SMD of caffeine and paracetamol in commercial formulations, different spectrometry techniques involving various chemical procedures, such as derivatization have been used [5][6][7][8][9][10]. For the SMD of caffeine and paracetamol in various commercial dosage forms, several high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques have been used [4,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Caffeine and paracetamol were also quantified simultaneously in a human plasma sample using a HPLC method [19].…”