“…EC sensors are suitable for the detection of multiple biomolecules. They have attracted a lot of attention due to their favorable features such as simplicity, fast response time, wide linear concentration range, cost effectiveness, real-time detection, possibility of miniaturization, and excellent sensitivity [2,12,52,[60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73].…”
Nowadays, several neurological disorders and neurocrine tumours are associated with dopamine (DA) concentrations in various biological fluids. Highly accurate and ultrasensitive detection of DA levels in different biological samples in real-time can change and improve the quality of a patient’s life in addition to reducing the treatment cost. Therefore, the design and development of diagnostic tool for in vivo and in vitro monitoring of DA is of considerable clinical and pharmacological importance. In recent decades, a large number of techniques have been established for DA detection, including chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, spectroscopic approaches, and electrochemical (EC) methods. These methods are effective, but most of them still have some drawbacks such as consuming time, effort, and money. Added to that, sometimes they need complex procedures to obtain good sensitivity and suffer from low selectivity due to interference from other biological species such as uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). Advanced materials can offer remarkable opportunities to overcome drawbacks in conventional DA sensors. This review aims to explain challenges related to DA detection using different techniques, and to summarize and highlight recent advancements in materials used and approaches applied for several sensor surface modification for the monitoring of DA. Also, it focuses on the analytical features of the EC and optical-based sensing techniques available.
“…EC sensors are suitable for the detection of multiple biomolecules. They have attracted a lot of attention due to their favorable features such as simplicity, fast response time, wide linear concentration range, cost effectiveness, real-time detection, possibility of miniaturization, and excellent sensitivity [2,12,52,[60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73].…”
Nowadays, several neurological disorders and neurocrine tumours are associated with dopamine (DA) concentrations in various biological fluids. Highly accurate and ultrasensitive detection of DA levels in different biological samples in real-time can change and improve the quality of a patient’s life in addition to reducing the treatment cost. Therefore, the design and development of diagnostic tool for in vivo and in vitro monitoring of DA is of considerable clinical and pharmacological importance. In recent decades, a large number of techniques have been established for DA detection, including chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, spectroscopic approaches, and electrochemical (EC) methods. These methods are effective, but most of them still have some drawbacks such as consuming time, effort, and money. Added to that, sometimes they need complex procedures to obtain good sensitivity and suffer from low selectivity due to interference from other biological species such as uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). Advanced materials can offer remarkable opportunities to overcome drawbacks in conventional DA sensors. This review aims to explain challenges related to DA detection using different techniques, and to summarize and highlight recent advancements in materials used and approaches applied for several sensor surface modification for the monitoring of DA. Also, it focuses on the analytical features of the EC and optical-based sensing techniques available.
“…Nevertheless, various problems like longer detection time, expensive equipment and complex pretreatment are associated with those approaches that cannot meet the present needs for sensitive and rapid DA determination. Recently, most attention has been attracted to electrochemical approach, due to its beneficial properties such as high efficiency, fast detection, easy operation and low cost [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Thus, the main problem for electrochemical detection of DA is the oxidation potentials of UA and AA that seriously overlapped with DA oxidation peak, in most of the bare electrodes.…”
The synthesis of NiO/NiCo2O4 nanoparticles by an eco‐friendly, fast, simple and cost‐effective approach employing Urtica extract is reported in this study. The NiO/NiCo2O4 nanocomposite were characterized using VSM, FTIR, XRD, and SEM techniques. Moreover, to construct a modified carbon paste electrode, NiO/NiCo2O4 were employed and this sensor was used for dopamine (DA) detection. Using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques, the electrochemical behavior of dopamine at the NiO/NiCo2O4/CPE was investigated. Analysis of dopamine, with a limit of detection (LOD) equal to 0.04 μM, in the concentration range of 0.1–100.0 μM, was facilitated by NiO/NiCo2O4/CPE. Moreover, the satisfactory selectivity for DA determination in the presence of uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA), was obtained. The suggested new sensor displayed a good reproducibility, sensitivity, and stability for determination of DA in drug and biological samples.
“…All of these methods, in addition to their advantages, have some disadvantages, including the need for expensive tools, reagents for extraction, organic solvents, and time [8][9][10][11]; thereby highlighting the necessity for the development of simple, reliable, and sensitive analytical methods to detect the PPX. One of such techniques is electrochemical methods owing to their unique properties like miniaturization, high sensitivity, rapidity, simplicity and reliability [12][13][14][15].…”
In this study, we fabricated an effective and sensitive DNA biosensor based on flower-like Pt/NiCo 2 O 4 modified carbon paste electrode (FL-Pt/NiCo 2 O 4 /CPE) for detection of pramipexole (PPX). Spectrophotometry, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and docking methods were employed to evaluate the interaction of DNA-PPX. Moreover, the DPV technique was chosen to monitor the electrochemical response of guanine on the DNA biosensor. The relationship between the concentration of PPX and the oxidation signal of guanine was linear in the range of 0.4 to 310.0 μM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.09 μM was calculated.
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