Simultaneous determination of ceftriaxone and streptomycin in mixture by ‘ratio-spectra’ 2nd derivative and ‘zero-crossing’ 3rd derivative spectrophotometry

Morelli, Basilio

doi:10.1016/0039-9140(94)80048-0

Cited by 45 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…26 An accurate choice of standard divisors and working wavelengths is fundamental for several reasons. 25,27,28 Easy measurements on separate peaks, higher values of the analytical signals and no need to work only at zero-crossing points (sometimes co-existing compounds have no maximum or minimum at these wavelengths) are advantages for ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry in comparison with the zerocrossing derivative spectrophotometry. Also, the presence of a lot of maxima and minima in ratio spectra derivative data was another advantage, since these wavelengths give an opportunity for the determination of these compounds in the presence of other active compounds and excipients that possibly interfered with the assay.…”

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confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Derivative Spectrophotometry and Their Analytical Applications

El‐Sayed

El-Salem

2005

ANAL. SCI.

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The zero-crossing derivative spectra method is the most common procedure for the simultaneous determination of binary mixtures of their overlapping spectra. As an example, the derivative spectra of binary mixtures of phospho-and silicomolybdenum blue are illustrated in Fig. 1. 23 By measuring the derivative values (heights h1 in Fig. 1) for mixtures of phosphate and silicate at 806 nm (zero-crossing wavelength of silicomolybdate complex), one can avoid the interference by silicate and the phosphate concentration can be determined. By measuring the derivative values (heights h2 in Fig. 1 Moreover, one disadvantage of the zero-crossing method is the necessity of selecting critical wavelengths for the measurements. This selection causes considerable loss of sensitivity and precision in case of binary mixtures. The so-called "ratio spectra derivative" permits the use of the wavelengths corresponding to maximum or minimum and also the use of the distance between consecutive maximum and minimum, thus avoiding these problems. 24 Salinas et al. 25 developed a derivative quotient spectra method with a standard divisor when the spectra of the components are overlapped. The method was based on dividing the spectrum for a mixture into the standard spectra for each of the analyses and driving the quotient to obtain a spectrum that is independent of the analyte concentration used as a divisor. The use of standardized spectra as divisors minimizes experimental errors and background noise. 26 An accurate choice of standard divisors and working wavelengths is fundamental for several reasons. 25,27,28 Easy measurements on separate peaks, higher values of the analytical signals and no need to work only at zero-crossing points (sometimes co-existing compounds have no maximum or minimum at these wavelengths) are advantages for ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry in comparison with the zerocrossing derivative spectrophotometry. Also, the presence of a lot of maxima and minima in ratio spectra derivative data was another advantage, since these wavelengths give an opportunity for the determination of these compounds in the presence of other active compounds and excipients that possibly interfered with the assay. 29 2·1 Resolution of binary and ternary mixtures by applyingderivative ratio spectra (derivative quotient spectra) The absorption spectrum of a mixture of three compounds; A, B and C is determined by this equation:AM,λ i = εA,λ i CA + εB,λ i CB + εC,λ i CC (path-length is 1 cm)where, AM,λ i is the absorbance value of the mixture at wavelength λi, εA,λ i , εB,λ i and εC,λ i are the molar absorptivities of A, B and C at λi, CA, CP and CC are the molar concentrations of A, B and C, respectively. When we divide this spectrum by the spectrum of a standard solution of one of the components (e.g., A of concentration CA). That is bywe obtainThe first derivative of this spectrum ratio givesIf CC = 0, we have the binary mixture of A and B, and the spectrum in this case is:In Eq. (5) we can see that the derivative ratio spectrum of...

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confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Derivative Spectrophotometry and Their Analytical Applications

El‐Sayed

El-Salem

2005

ANAL. SCI.

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“…These parameters, which include smoothing factor and divisor concentration, need to be optimized to give good selectivity, high sensitivity and an adequate signal to noise ratio. 52,53) Values of smoothing factor equal to 15 and 10 were suitable for CIP and MET determination, respectively, as these values revealed a suitable signal to noise ratio and the spectra showed good resolution. Best results in terms of sensitivity were found on using either MET (4 mg ml…”

Section: Optimization Of Conditions Formentioning

confidence: 99%

Validated Spectrophotometric Methods for the Simultaneous Determination of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride and Metronidazole in Tablets

Mahrouse

Elkady

2011

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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Regular ArticleCiprofloxacin (CIP, Fig. 1a) [1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(piperazinyl)-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid] belongs to the second generation of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents. These quinolones are effective against Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria through inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase), the enzyme responsible for maintaining the superhelical twists in the bacterial DNA, leading to inhibition of bacterial DNA synthesis.1) Similar to other fluoroquinolones, CIP has shown clinical efficacy in the treatment of a wide range of systemic infections such as urinary tract, respiratory, gastrointestinal and cutaneous infections. Because of its low toxicity, very wide spectrum of antibacterial effect and low ability to cause bacterial resistance, CIP has been widely used in clinical practice.2) Metronidazole (MET, Fig. 1b) is used as an antiprotozoal, antiamebic and antibacterial drug.3) It is chemically designated as 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol. Since CIP has a reduced activity against anaerobic pathogens, CIP and MET are coformulated together in pharmaceutical dosage forms for the treatment of mixed aerobic/anaerobic infections. 4)A survey of literature has revealed several analytical methods for the determination of CIP in pharmaceutical dosage form and biological fluids, including spectrophotometry, [5][6][7][8] spectrofluorimetry, 9-11) HPLC, 12-16) capillary electrophoresis 17,18) and HPTLC. 19) CIP in admixtures with MET and ampicillin has been determined by NMR. 20) Recently, HPLC methods either with fluorescence detection or coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for determination of ciprofloxacin in human plasma 21,22) have also been published. MET has been determined by several methods involving spectrophotometry [23][24][25][26] and HPLC. [27][28][29][30][31][32] MET in intravenous admixture with CIP was determined by first-derivative spectrophotometry 33) and LC. 34) Literature reports only one article for the simultaneous determination of CIP and MET in tablet form by the same authors of the present work. In this article, a reversed phase ion-pair HPLC and TLC densitometry have been adopted for the simultaneous determination of both drugs in tablets.35) However, due to lack of such equipments in many resources-limited countries and the high costs of HPLC grade solvents and columns, alternative methods are needed to facilitate and increase the speed of analysis, with relatively few costs. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous article concerning simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of the two drugs was published. Spectrophotometry continues to be very popular, because of its simplicity, versatility and low cost. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to develop and validate different UV spectrophotometric and chemometric techniques for the simultaneous determination of CIP and MET in tablets without previous separation. Both derivative and derivative ratio spectrophotometry are useful technique for resolving two overlapping...

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“…Then, the mixture was filtered, and the residual STM concentrations were measured according to the method [23] using an UV-vis spectrophotometer (UV-754, Shanghai, China) at a wavelength of 323 nm. In pH study, the initial solution pH was adjusted to 2-11 with 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M NaOH solutions and pH were measured by a pH meter (Model pHS-3C, Shanghai, China).…”

Section: Stm Adsorption Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved adsorption of streptomycin ontoThalia dealbataactivated carbon modified by sodium thiosulfate

Huang

Wang

et al. 2013

Desalination and Water Treatment

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A B S T R A C TSodium thiosulfate-modified activated carbon (TDAC-ST) was prepared from Thalia dealbata, and its ability to remove streptomycin (STM) from aqueous solutions was examined. The surface properties of TDAC-ST and the original carbon (TDAC) were also measured by scanning electron microscopy, N 2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results indicated that modification with sodium thiosulfate slightly decreased the carbon's surface area but introduced more functional groups and improved the adsorption ability greatly as compared to the original carbon. The effects of solution pH, initial STM concentration and contact time on adsorption system were also studied. The kinetics data followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, and the adsorption isotherms fit the Langmuir isotherm equation quite well, and the maximum adsorption capacity of was 247.65 and 170.84 mg/g for TDAC-ST and TDAC, respectively. The results indicated that sodium thiosulfate modification could greatly enhance the adsorption of STM onto activated carbon, and TDAC-ST was a promising adsorbent for the removal of streptomycin from aqueous solutions.

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Simultaneous determination of ceftriaxone and streptomycin in mixture by ‘ratio-spectra’ 2nd derivative and ‘zero-crossing’ 3rd derivative spectrophotometry

Cited by 45 publications

References 24 publications

Recent Developments of Derivative Spectrophotometry and Their Analytical Applications

Recent Developments of Derivative Spectrophotometry and Their Analytical Applications

Validated Spectrophotometric Methods for the Simultaneous Determination of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride and Metronidazole in Tablets

Improved adsorption of streptomycin ontoThalia dealbataactivated carbon modified by sodium thiosulfate

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