Simultaneous Determination of Benzodiazepines and Ketamine from Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Beverages by GC-MS in Drug Facilitated Crimes

Açıkkol, Münevver; Mercan, Selda; Karadayı, Şükriye

doi:10.1365/s10337-009-1278-6

Cited by 41 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For example, an LC‐APCI‐MS/MS method for FLU quantification in serum from that year reports an LOQ of 0.5 ng/mL (Darius and Banditt, 2000). Owing to its use as a predatory drug, there has been interest in measuring FLU in beverages (Honeychurch and Hart, 2008; Acikkol et al ., 2009), but most FLU methods involve traditional biological matrices. Most FLU assays include other benzodiazepines in addition to FLU since these related compounds can also be implicated in DFSA (Negrusz and Gaensslen, 2003; Pirnay et al ., 2002; Rivera et al ., 2003; Laloup et al ., 2005; Gunnar et al ., 2006; Mercolini et al ., 2008; Papoutsis et al ., 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2009) evaluated quantification of KET and FLU in beverage samples as an assay for studying evidence associated with DFSA. While this method is not as sensitive as some of the methods developed for biological matrices (LOQ of 3.9 µg/mL), it requires a simple sample preparation (LLE) and utilizes common GC‐EI‐MS instrumentation available to forensic laboratories (Acikkol et al ., 2009). Kuwayama et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in bioanalytical methods for the determination and quantification of club drugs: 2000–2010

Brown

Melton

2010

Biomedical Chromatography

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The term 'club drug' can be loosely defined as any substance used to enhance social settings. Such drugs are commonly found at raves or similar all-night dance parties and include methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), ketamine (KET), and flunitrazepam (FLU). These drugs have potentially dangerous side effects including hallucinations, paranoia, amnesia and hyperthermia. In addition, GHB, KET and FLU are considered predatory drugs due to their roles in drug-facilitated sexual assault. Forensic and regulatory agencies routinely have the need for determination and accurate quantification of these drugs in biological fluids, especially in cases of mortality or criminal investigations. This review presents the chromatographic and spectroscopic methods published for such analyses over the last decade, including sample preparation techniques and validation data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in bioanalytical methods for the determination and quantification of club drugs: 2000–2010

Brown

Melton

2010

Biomedical Chromatography

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“…LLE was performed using chloroform: isopropanol (1∶1 v/v, 100 µL×3) directly after spiking and on unspiked beverages [18]. Once extracted, the organic phase (bottom) was collected and subjected to analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault: Detection and Stability of Benzodiazepines in Spiked Drinks Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

2014

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Benzodiazepines are detected in a significant number of drug facilitated sexual assaults (DFSA). Whilst blood and urine from the victim are routinely analysed, due to the delay in reporting DFSA cases and the short half lives of most of these drugs in blood and urine, drug detection in such samples is problematic. Consideration of the drinks involved and analysis for drugs may start to address this. Here we have reconstructed the ‘spiking’ of three benzodiazepines (diazepam, flunitrazepam and temazepam) into five drinks, an alcopop (flavoured alcoholic drink), a beer, a white wine, a spirit, and a fruit based non-alcoholic drink (J2O) chosen as representative of those drinks commonly used by women in 16–24 year old age group. Using a validated GC-MS method for the simultaneous detection of these drugs in the drinks we have studied the storage stability of the benzodiazepines under two different storage conditions, uncontrolled room temperature and refrigerator (4°C) over a 25 day period. All drugs could be detected in all beverages over this time period. Diazepam was found to be stable in all of the beverages, except the J2O, under both storage conditions. Flunitrazepam and temazepam were found not to be stable but were detectable (97% loss of temazepam and 39% loss of flunitrazepam from J2O). The recommendations from this study are that there should be a policy change and that drinks thought to be involved in DFSA cases should be collected and analysed wherever possible to support other evidence types.

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“…In the last few years, a lot of methods appeared in literature to detect and quantify BDZ in soft and alcoholic drinks. CZE , multipumping flow system coupled to a photodegradation unit , indirect laser‐induced fluorescence detection on a microfluidic device , GC‐MS , LC with dual electrode detection , direct electrospray probe–MS , HPLC–DAD , and desorption ESI–MS (DESI–MS) are the techniques employed to reach this goal. These are all valid approaches; nevertheless most of them require sample preparation or are potentially affected by matrix effects (ME).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid chromatography-electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry with the Direct-EI interface in the fast determination of diazepam and flunitrazepam in alcoholic beverages

2016

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This is the first application based on electron ionization (EI) using a Direct-EI LC interface and MS/MS to detect unequivocally target compounds in a very small real sample. The determination and quantification of benzodiazepines in very small residues of beverages, collected at the scene of drug-facilitated crimes are mandatory in legal procedures. A specific and sensitive analytical instrumentation is needed, involving little or no sample preparation. Here, a direct flow injection analysis of alcoholic beverages spiked with commercially available drugs containing diazepam and flunitrazepam is presented. The method proposed is very fast and requires neither sample preparation nor chromatographic separation. Linearity (R(2) ) was between 0.9977 and 0.9992; LOD and LOQ spanned from 0.01 to 0.02 ng/μL and from 0.1 to 0.5 ng/μL, respectively; intra- and interday repeatabilities were between 1 and 8%. No matrix effects were observed from the comparison of the linear regression curves obtained in real fortified samples and in pure ethanol. Vodka, whisky, and white wine specimens were fortified with commercial drugs, Valium(®) and Rohypnol(®) , at two different concentrations (20 and 50 ng/μL) to simulate the typical amounts found in adulterated real samples and analyzed to demonstrate the method applicability to forensic analyses.

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Simultaneous Determination of Benzodiazepines and Ketamine from Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Beverages by GC-MS in Drug Facilitated Crimes

Cited by 41 publications

References 17 publications

Trends in bioanalytical methods for the determination and quantification of club drugs: 2000–2010

Trends in bioanalytical methods for the determination and quantification of club drugs: 2000–2010

Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault: Detection and Stability of Benzodiazepines in Spiked Drinks Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Liquid chromatography-electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry with the Direct-EI interface in the fast determination of diazepam and flunitrazepam in alcoholic beverages

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