“…For these reasons, instrumental techniques are in demand for performing simple and low DL of caffeine, which are very important for controls used in medical treatments (Concas et al 2000), food supply (Specterman et al 2005), leaf antioxidant assay (Liang et al 2007;Ismail et al 2000), treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Arendash et al 2006), and EEG skin response (Dixit et al 2006). Biological assay involves various separation and photometric analytical methods, including the reversed-phase HPLC technique (Ferreyra and Ortiz 2001;Pistos and Stewart 2004;Safranow and Machoy 2005), UV method (0.3 mg -1 DL) (Koch et al 1999), capillary gas chromatography (Pagliarussi et al 2002), electrophoresis UV detection (Maeso et al 2006), GC ion trap mass spectrometry (Verenitch et al 2006), FTIR spectrometry (Mashkouri Najafi et al 2003), LC-APCI-MS method (Gardinali and Zhao 2002), solid-phase FT Raman (18 mg l -1 DL) (Armenta et al 2005), LC diode array (Aresta et al 2005), ion chromatography (Chen and Wang 2001), Piezoelectric quartz sensor Zougagh et al 2005;, and HPLC diode array (Santos et al 2005). Although some of these methods can attain low DLs, these methods require separation, photometric, and data amplifications.…”