Simultaneous Determination of 11 Mycotoxins in Maize via Multiple-Impurity Adsorption Combined with Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Guan, Xin Yuan; Feng, Yu‐Long; Suo, Decheng; Xiao, Zhiming; Wang, Shi; Liu, Ying; Fan, Xiaohui

doi:10.3390/foods11223624

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…A further advantage for the use of LC-HRMS is that the confirmation of analytes can be performed through the use of databases. Some examples of the use of LC-HRMS for T-2 and HT-2 include the studies by Tamura et al [123] and Romera et al [157]. The former analysed 20 Fusarium toxins in cereals including barley, using an LC-Orbitrap MS with a two-step clean-up, which included the use of QuEChERs followed by purification using a Multistep 229 Ochra multifunctional cartridge.…”

Section: Confirmatory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review

Meneely,

Greer,

Kolawole

et al. 2023

Toxins

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One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of Fusarium growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.

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Section: Confirmatory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review

Meneely,

Greer,

Kolawole

et al. 2023

Toxins

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“…In 1993, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified OTAs as Class 2B carcinogens. Relevant studies have shown that when infants eat OTA contaminated breast milk, their own immune system is damaged, unable to degrade toxins, and they may suffer from kidney disease and various types of cancer [3] .…”

Section: Ochratoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research progress in simultaneous detection of mycotoxins in traditional Chinese medicine

Qu,

Wang,

Zhu

2023

SHS Web Conf.

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Mycotoxins, as secondary metabolites of fungi, have become key risk factors in Chinese medicinal materials. There are risks of fungal contamination and mycotoxin induced in the process of natural growth or artificial planting of Chinese medicinal materials to clinical use. The common mycotoxins in traditional Chinese medicine and the synchronous detection methods of various mycotoxins in modern Chinese medicine were reviewed in order to further understand the relevant standards of mycotoxins in traditional Chinese medicine, so as to improve the quality of Chinese medicinal materials and safeguard human safety and health.

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“…Despite this situation, the literature on Fusarium in wheat is about three-fold greater than that in maize. An increasing amount of information has indicated that multi-toxin contamination is a serious food safety challenge; as such, research should be urgently conducted to provide solutions to keep such contamination under control [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, the starch part was much less contaminated. Guan et al [2] checked 11 mycotoxins, and, beyond the regular AFs, DON, FBs, and ZEN, OTA was also identified. Eckhard et al [92] observed DON in every silo maize sample, but (in decreasing order) nivalenol, T-2, HT-2, acetylated DON, and FBs were also detected.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Safety Aspects of Breeding Maize to Multi-Resistance against the Major (Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides, Aspergillus flavus) and Minor Toxigenic Fungi (Fusarium spp.) as Well as to Toxin Accumulation, Trends, and Solutions—A Review

Mesterhazy

2024

JoF

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Maize is the crop which is most commonly exposed to toxigenic fungi that produce many toxins that are harmful to humans and animals alike. Preharvest grain yield loss, preharvest toxin contamination (at harvest), and storage loss are estimated to be between 220 and 265 million metric tons. In the past ten years, the preharvest mycotoxin damage was stable or increased mainly in aflatoxin and fumonisins. The presence of multiple toxins is characteristic. The few breeding programs concentrate on one of the three main toxigenic fungi. About 90% of the experiments except AFB1 rarely test toxin contamination. As disease resistance and resistance to toxin contamination often differ in regard to F. graminearum, F. verticillioides, and A. flavus and their toxins, it is not possible to make a food safety evaluation according to symptom severity alone. The inheritance of the resistance is polygenic, often mixed with epistatic and additive effects, but only a minor part of their phenotypic variation can be explained. All tests are made by a single inoculum (pure isolate or mixture). Genotype ranking differs between isolates and according to aggressiveness level; therefore, the reliability of such resistance data is often problematic. Silk channel inoculation often causes lower ear rot severity than we find in kernel resistance tests. These explain the slow progress and raise skepticism towards resistance breeding. On the other hand, during genetic research, several effective putative resistance genes were identified, and some overlapped with known QTLs. QTLs were identified as securing specific or general resistance to different toxicogenic species. Hybrids were identified with good disease and toxin resistance to the three toxigenic species. Resistance and toxin differences were often tenfold or higher, allowing for the introduction of the resistance and resistance to toxin accumulation tests in the variety testing and the evaluation of the food safety risks of the hybrids within 2–3 years. Beyond this, resistance breeding programs and genetic investigations (QTL-analyses, GWAM tests, etc.) can be improved. All other research may use it with success, where artificial inoculation is necessary. The multi-toxin data reveal more toxins than we can treat now. Their control is not solved. As limits for nonregulated toxins can be introduced, or the existing regulations can be made to be stricter, the research should start. We should mention that a higher resistance to F. verticillioides and A. flavus can be very useful to balance the detrimental effect of hotter and dryer seasons on aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination. This is a new aspect to secure food and feed safety under otherwise damaging climatic conditions. The more resistant hybrids are to the three main agents, the more likely we are to reduce the toxin losses mentioned by about 50% or higher.

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Simultaneous Determination of 11 Mycotoxins in Maize via Multiple-Impurity Adsorption Combined with Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review

T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review

Research progress in simultaneous detection of mycotoxins in traditional Chinese medicine

Food Safety Aspects of Breeding Maize to Multi-Resistance against the Major (Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides, Aspergillus flavus) and Minor Toxigenic Fungi (Fusarium spp.) as Well as to Toxin Accumulation, Trends, and Solutions—A Review

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