Simultaneous detection of Salmonella typhi antigen and antibody in serum by counter-immunoelectrophoresis for an early and rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever

Gupta, Ashok Kumar; Rao, K. M.

doi:10.1016/0022-1759(79)90017-6

Cited by 38 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It may be more successful to examine early sera. Previous investigators using counter-immunoelectrophoresis (Gupta & Rao, 1979;Tsang & Chau, 1981;Sundararaj et al, 1983;Sharma et al, 1997) or co-agglutination (Sivadasan et al, 1984) have found variable (25-100 %) success in detecting serum antigen from typhoid patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The TUBEX test detects not only typhoid-specific antibodies but also soluble antigens and whole bacteria

Tam

Ling

Wong

et al. 2008

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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TUBEX (IDL Biotech) is a 5 min semiquantitative colorimetric test for typhoid fever, a widely endemic disease. TUBEX detects anti-Salmonella O9 antibodies from a patient's serum by the ability of these antibodies to inhibit the binding between an indicator antibody-bound particle and a magnetic antigen-bound particle. Herein, we report that TUBEX could also be used to specifically detect soluble O9 lipopolysaccharide in antigen-spiked buffer by the ability of the antigen to inhibit the same binding between the particles. Sensitivity of antigen detection was improved (8–31 μg ml−1) by using a modified protocol in which the test sample was mixed with the indicator particles first, rather than with the magnetic particles as for antibody detection. The antigen was also detectable in spiked serum and urine samples, albeit less well (2–4-fold) than in buffer generally. However, no antigen was detected from six typhoid sera examined, all of which had anti-O9 antibodies. In addition, whole organisms of Salmonella Typhi (15 strains) and Salmonella Enteritidis (6 strains) (both O9+ Salmonella), grown in simulated blood broths or on MacConkey agar, were also detectable by TUBEX when suspended at >9×108 organisms ml−1. Expectedly, Salmonella Paratyphi A (7 strains), Salmonella Typhimurium (1 strain) and Escherichia coli (2 strains) were negative in the test. Thus, the same TUBEX kit may be used in several ways both serologically and microbiologically for the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever. However, validation of the newer applications will require the systematic examination of real patient and laboratory materials.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The TUBEX test detects not only typhoid-specific antibodies but also soluble antigens and whole bacteria

Tam

Ling

Wong

et al. 2008

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Results of the Widal test have demonstrated to vary between different areas and in time, due to variation in background levels as well as a result of variation in the quality of the antigen. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The need for a rapid and inexpensive laboratory test for early and accurate diagnosis of patients with typhoid fever has prompted the exploration of a variety of serologic and antigen detection methods, including counter immunoelectrophoresis, 13,14 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), [15][16][17][18] dot immunoassay, 16,[19][20][21] hemagglutination, 22 and coagglutination. 23 However, these assays are not very easy to perform, not rapid, require special equipment or skills, or depend on electricity and on refrigeration for storage of components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple dipstick assay for the detection of Salmonella typhi-specific IgM antibodies and the evolution of the immune response in patients with typhoid fever.

Hatta

Goris²,

Heerkens³

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Application of a dipstick assay for the detection of Salmonella typhi-specific IgM antibodies on samples collected from S. typhi or S. paratyphi culture-positive patients at the day of admission to the hospital revealed the presence of specific IgM antibodies in 43.5%, 92.9%, and 100% for samples collected 4-6 days, 6-9 days, and > 9 days after the onset of fever, respectively. The mean sensitivity for samples collected an average of 6.6 days after the onset of fever was 65.3%. Culture was positive in 65.9% of the cases with a final clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever. Testing of paired serum samples from culture negative patients with a final clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever resulted in staining of the dipstick in 4.3% of the samples collected at the day of admission to the hospital and in 76.6% of the samples collected one week later, thereby provided strong supporting evidence of typhoid fever by demonstrating seroconversion in a large proportion of the patients. The dipstick assay may thus also be useful for the serodiagnosis of culture-negative patients with clinical signs and symptoms consistent with typhoid fever. The advantages of the dipstick assay are that the result can be obtained on the same day allowing a prompt treatment, that only a small volume of serum is needed, and that no special laboratory equipment is needed to perform the assay. The stability of the reagents of the dipstick and the simplicity of the assay allows its use in places that lack laboratory facilities.

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“…Unfortunately, the method demonstrated limited specificity, particularly in patients with brucellosis. Studies detecting Vi and other antigens in serum by counter-immunoelectrophoresis and agglutination have also been performed [134][135][136][137][138][139]. Vi antigen has been detected in the serum of >95% of blood culture-positive cases and between 25 and 90% of patients with clinically suspected, blood culture-negative typhoid.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The utility of diagnostic tests for enteric fever in endemic locations

Parry

Wijedoru

Arjyal

et al. 2011

Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy

163

184

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Simultaneous detection of Salmonella typhi antigen and antibody in serum by counter-immunoelectrophoresis for an early and rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever

Cited by 38 publications

References 9 publications

The TUBEX test detects not only typhoid-specific antibodies but also soluble antigens and whole bacteria

The TUBEX test detects not only typhoid-specific antibodies but also soluble antigens and whole bacteria

Simple dipstick assay for the detection of Salmonella typhi-specific IgM antibodies and the evolution of the immune response in patients with typhoid fever.

The utility of diagnostic tests for enteric fever in endemic locations

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