Simultaneous Detection of Dual Prostate Specific Antigens Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Immunoassay for Accurate Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Abstract

Accurate analysis of specific biomarkers in clinical serum is essential for early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Here, a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based immunoassay, using magnetic beads and SERS nano tags, was developed for the determination of free to total (f/t) prostate specific antigen (PSA) ratio to improve the diagnostic performance of prostate cancer. To assess the clinical applicability of the proposed method, SERS-based assays for the simultaneous detection of dual PSA markers, free PSA (f-PSA) and complexed PSA (c-PSA), were performed for clinical samples in the gray zone between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL. Our assay results for f/t PSA ratio showed a good linear correlation with those measured using the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system installed in the clinical laboratory of the University Hospital. In addition, the simultaneous assay provided better precision than parallel assays for the detection of f-PSA and c-PSA in 13 clinical serum samples. Therefore, our SERS-based assay for simultaneous detection of dual PSA markers in clinical fluids has strong potential for application in the accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Characterization of seminal plasma proteomic alterations associated with the IVF and rescue‐ICSI pregnancy in assisted reproduction

“…These proteases are kallikrein-2, prostatic acid phosphatase, alpha-1-antitrypsin, plasma serine protease inhibitor, fibronectin, semenogelin-1, and semenogelin-2, which usually originate from the prostate gland with a 30-80% identical sequence and play an important role in the process of coagulation and liquefaction of the ejaculated semen (Veveris-Lowe et al, 2007). Among them, prostate-specific antigen (PSA/KLK3) has chymotrypsin-like enzymatic activity (Lilja 1985;Christensson et al, 1990), which has been used for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (Cheng et al, 2017). Based on sequence alignment, KLK2 has 80% sequence similarity to KLK3 (Schedlich et al, 1987) but trypsin-like enzymatic activity (Yousef & Diamandis 1999).…”

SERS Nanotags and Their Applications in Biosensing and Bioimaging

“…Cited from Ref. [126], [95], [96] and [99] immunoassay method using electrohydrodynamic (ac-EHD) force to markedly reduce the assay time and nonspecific binding for breast cancer biomarkers detection (Fig. 3B) [95].…”

“…To improve the diagnostic performance of prostate cancer, Cheng and co-workers developed a SERS-based immunoassay to determine free to total (f/t) prostate specific antigen (PSA) ratio using the pulling-down immunoassay [99]. The schematic representation for this technique is illustrated in Fig.…”

Interfacial Assembly of Signal Amplified Multienzymes and Biorecognized Antibody into Proteinosome for an Ultrasensitive Immunoassay

“…Biosensors as a kind of significant device combine specific recognition elements with physical or chemical transducers, which have attracted ever‐growing attention for broad fascinating applications, ranging from clinical diagnosis to environmental monitoring . The most popular biosensor type, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) relies on enzyme‐antibody conjugates to capture model analytes and then amplifies the output signal of biorecognition . Although ELISA is featured with acceptable sensitivity and specificity, its deficiencies are also conspicuous .…”