Simultaneous capture of metal, sulfur and chlorine by sorbents during fluidized bed incineration

Heavy metal characterization of circulating fluidized bed derived biomass ash

“…Notably, bed sand captures 72% of lead, which is the maximum value, only when temperature is around 700 • C [29,30].…”

Combustion of refuse-derived fuel in a fluidised bed

“…Lin et al (2004) performed experiments relating the concentration of bed materials with the heat transfer efficiency and the generation of pollutants in an AFBC. Ho et al (2001) carried out a study to determine the effect of sorbent mixtures on the capture of S, Cl and metals. Additional work on the emission of pollutants in AFBCs was carried out by Khan and Gibbs (1996); Lawrence and Bu (2000) and Sugiyama et al (1998).…”

Behavior of Cd during Coal Combustion: An Overview

“…For example, bauxite is a promising adsorbent of Cd. Nevertheless, in different studies [45][46][47][48][49] the retained fraction of Cd is rather fluctuating-from 7-14% [46,48,49] up to 68-74% [45,47] despite the combustion temperature was similar (700-800 • C), which can be attributed to different composition of the feed and different experimental conditions (including time factor). Similar results are documented also for kaolin(ite) that is widely used for Cd retention as well [45,46,[48][49][50][51]-herein, the retention efficiency ranges from 4% [46] up to 44% [48,49].…”

“…For example, bauxite is a promising adsorbent of Cd. Nevertheless, in different studies [45][46][47][48][49] the retained fraction of Cd is rather As melting/boiling points of CdCl 2 are lower than those of CdO or CdSO 4 , formation of CdCl 2 leads to increased volatility of Cd, which is quite hindering to its quantitative capture (which will be discussed in detail in Section 5). The fraction of Cd that does not condense during flue gas cooling or is not retained by additives or ash particles might remain in gaseous form that can easily pass through particulate control device (electrostatic precipitator or fabric filter) as depicted in Figure 1.…”

“…An effective retention of Cd can be achieved by bauxite [45][46][47], mostly at lower temperatures (700-800 • C) [45,47]. However, at higher temperatures (1100 • C) the ability of bauxite to retain Cd was observed as well [50]-in this experiment, adsorbent pre-mixed with coal was combusted in a vertical tube reactor at 1100 • C and bauxite provided better retention results than kaolinite and CaO (based on evaluation of particles with medium size).…”