Simultaneous Analysis and Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment of Fomesafen, Clomazone, Clethodim and Its Two Metabolites in Soybean Ecosystem

Abstract

A commercial formulation, 37% dispersible oil suspension (DOS) (fomesafen, clomazone, and clethodim), is being registered in China to control annual or perennial weeds in soybean fields. In this paper, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method with QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) sample preparation was developed for the simultaneous determination of fomesafen, clomazone, clethodim, and its two metabolites (CSO and CSO2) in soybean, green soybean, and soybean straw samples. The mean recoveries of our developed method for the five analytes in three matrices were ranged from 71% to 116% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 12.6%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.01 mg/kg in soybean, 0.01 mg/kg in green soybean, and 0.02 mg/kg in soybean straw while the limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.018 to 0.125 μg/kg for these five analytes. The highest final residual amount of CSO2 in green soybean samples (0.015 mg/kg) appeared in Anhui, and the highest in soybean straw samples was 0.029 mg/kg in Guangxi, whilst the terminal residues of fomesafen, clomazone, clethodim and CSO were lower than LOQs (0.01 mg/kg) in all samples. Furthermore, these terminal residues were all lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by China (0.1 mg/kg for fomesafen and clethodim, 0.05 mg/kg for clomazone) at harvest. Additional chronic dietary risk was evaluated using a risk quotients (RQs) method based on Chinese dietary habits. The chronic dietary exposure risk quotients were 4.3 for fomesafen, 0.12 for clomazone, and 19.3 for clethodim, respectively, which were significantly lower than 100. These results demonstrated that the dietary exposure risk of fomesafen, clomazone, and clethodim used in soybean according to good agricultural practices (GAP) was acceptable and would not pose an unacceptable health risk to Chinese consumers. These results not only offer insight with respect to the analytes, but also contribute to environmental protection and food safety.

Simultaneous determination of the herbicide bixlozone and its metabolites in plant and animal samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

“…Compared with previous report about oxazole herbicide determination by chromatographic instruments such as HPLC‐DAD, LC‐MS/MS, and GC‐μECD [40–44], as the Supporting Information Table S4 shows that the previous report methods are suitable for the determination of an oxazole herbicide compound in one to three matrices, this proposed method that exhibits more excellent universality in different matrices is a reliable multiresidue analytical method to trace four target compounds of bixlozone and its metabolites in seven matrices, which include tomato, cucumber, apple, wheat flour, milk, meat, and egg.…”

Effect of Seasonal Variation on the Persistence and Dissipation Behaviour of the Herbicide Mixture of Fomesafen + Quizalofop-Ethyl in Tropical Soybean Agroecosystem and Safety Risk Assessment

“…Since, the chronic RQd of both fomesafen and quizalofop-ethyl on each sampling day were below 1 irrespective of the season and dose, the application of the herbicide mixture was therefore considered to impose no long-term risk of dietary toxicity. Pang and Hu (2020) also reported no dietary toxicity due to fomesafen application in soybean.…”

Cytotoxic Effect of Clethodim Exposure on Liver Cells&

“…Furthermore, clethodim can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and central nervous system when encountered in high amounts. This can result in symptoms such as excessive salivation, reduced motor activity, a lack of coordination, unstable walking, and increased activity levels (Pang and Hu, 2020). Conversely, chronic toxicity assessments of this compound indicated anemia, increased hepatic mass, skeletal damage, and decreased fetal body weight (Wang et al, 2019).…”