“…For a fracture specimen with the sizes not satisfying Equation (1), side-grooves can be introduced to promote a uniform crack front during crack extension but the plane strain conditions along the crack front may not be satisfied. Wu et al (2021) simulated crack extensions in sub-sized arc-shaped tension (A(T)) specimens, as discussed in Kim et al (2004), with the constant and changing cohesive parameters. In contrast to the stress-state dependency of TSL based on the stress triaxiality of the neighboring continuum elements to the cohesive elements used in Brocks (2000a, 2000b), Anvari et al (2006), and Rashid and Banerjee (2017), Wu et al (2021) identified the changing cohesive strengths and energies with increasing crack extension based on the changing near-tip maximum opening stresses and separation work rates with increasing crack extension determined by 2-D FE analyses with nodal release as presented in Sung et al (2021a).…”