Simulation of Standing Wave Reduction in HIFU Transcranial Tumors Therapy

Transcranial ultrasound simulations: A review

“…This method is used in Refs. [11–13, 15, 19–21, 26, 48–51]. This relationship is similar to Equations (16) and () as it implies a linear fit between speed of sound and HU.…”

“…Generally speaking, in addition to optimizing the treatment, acoustic simulations are often performed to ensure the safety of ultrasound therapies. Apart from heating prediction, they are used for standing waves and cavitation prediction 10–15 . Finally, acoustic simulations can be used to optimize the positioning of the transducer 16 …”

“…The authors suggested it may be due to interferences occurring close to the skull surface, because the time delay between the incident and reflected waves is too small compared to the frequency shift. Zhang et al 12 . used the Randi function to generate a random phase between 0 and π, which is added to the original signal at regular intervals to break the standing wave formation condition.…”

“…The resulting field estimates the maximum of the spatial modulation pattern that is often associated with the presence of standing waves. Zhang et al 12 used what they call the standing-wave ratio to predict the intensity of standing waves. It is defined as R a = P max − P min P avg (5) Methods for reducing standing waves have also been developed and verified thanks to simulations.…”

“…Apart from heating prediction, they are used for standing waves and cavitation prediction. [10][11][12][13][14][15] Finally, acoustic simulations can be used to optimize the positioning of the transducer. 16…”