Simulation of ferro-alloy smelting in DC arc furnaces using Pyrosim and FactSage

Jones, R.T.; Erwee, Markus Wouter

doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2016.05.003

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Also, it seems that the lowest shown temperature would lead to the lowest lithium content in the slag for quartz additions above 16.5 g, this can be explained by the already mentioned reduction of SiO 2 at higher temperatures according to the simulation and therefore, the slag at 1500 • C would be more diluted by SiO 2 . If the SiO 2 -reduction is as strong as predicted by the model is uncertain, FactSage TM [30] calculates the equilibrium at a constant temperature for all phases, but in direct current electric arc furnaces, the slag temperature is higher than the metal temperature, due to the higher electrical resistance of the slag compared to the metal [33]. The result can be a significantly lower silicon content in the metal compared to the predicted model, which was already observed in previous trials carried out in the laboratory scale electric arc furnace used in this study [34].…”

Section: Detailed Investigation Of the Addition Of Quartz As A Fluxmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

Sommerfeld¹,

Vonderstein²,

Dertmann³

et al. 2020

Metals

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Due to the increasing demand for battery raw materials such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, and lithium, the extraction of these metals not only from primary, but also from secondary sources like spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming increasingly important. One possible approach for an optimized recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs is a combined pyro- and hydrometallurgical process. According to the pyrometallurgical process route, in this paper, a suitable slag design for the generation of slag enriched by lithium and mixed cobalt, nickel, and copper alloy as intermediate products in a laboratory electric arc furnace was investigated. Smelting experiments were carried out using pyrolyzed pelletized black mass, copper(II) oxide, and different quartz additions as a flux to investigate the influence on lithium-slagging. With the proposed smelting operation, lithium could be enriched with a maximum yield of 82.4% in the slag, whereas the yield for cobalt, nickel, and copper in the metal alloy was 81.6%, 93.3%, and 90.7% respectively. The slag obtained from the melting process is investigated by chemical and mineralogical characterization techniques. Hydrometallurgical treatment to recover lithium is carried out with the slag and presented in part 2.

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Section: Detailed Investigation Of the Addition Of Quartz As A Fluxmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

Sommerfeld¹,

Vonderstein²,

Dertmann³

et al. 2020

Metals

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“…The matte phase will recover > 90% of PGMs [1,2,38]. SiC reduction of a LG concentrate will produce an alloy that will settle and separate from the slag phase.…”

Section: Proposed Alternative Routementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore it is critical that new and improved extraction methods need to be developed and exploited. The methods used in the recovery of the PGMs from these ores consist of physical concentration techniques, pyro-metallurgical processing and hydrometallurgical extraction of the base metals followed by the PGMs [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conventional PGM matte smelting essentially requires the presence of a certain quantity of base metal sulphides in order to collect the PGMs in a molten sulphidic phase in the smelting furnace. However, the quantity of chrome oxide in the feed materials (particularly UG2 related) need to be strictly controlled to avoid the build-up of high melting chromite spinels [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is known that highly reducing conditions provided high recoveries of the valuable metals, but also, high iron collection diluted the grade of the alloy, resulting in unacceptable PGM recoveries. In order to have high PGM recoveries, mild reducing conditions should be maintained [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The recovery of platinum group metals from low-grade concentrates to an iron alloy using silicon carbide as reductant

Malan¹,

Akdogan²,

Bradshaw³

et al. 2015

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall.

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Evolution of Viscosity and Structure Property of Vanadium Slag during Iron‐Extracting Reduction Process

Zhang

Chen

Wang

et al. 2020

steel research int.

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Photovoltaic cutting waste (PCW) is a promising prereductant to enrich vanadium and to extract iron present in vanadium slag. To understand the kinetic conditions during the reduction and separation of Fe from vanadium slag when using PCW as a reductant, the evolution of the viscosity with decreasing FeO contents is measured. The composition and structure of the melt are analyzed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the slag comprises a solid–liquid mixture system during the entire prereduction at 1873 K. At this temperature, as the FeO/SiO2 mass ratio decreases from 2.18 to 0.30, the solid–liquid ratio of the slag decreases from 21.5% to 1.9%, and the viscosity of the slag increases from 0.12 to 0.47 Pa s, indicating that the silicate structure of the melt significantly affects the slag viscosity, while the effect of the spinel phase is limited. The transition of the dominant silicate structure from FeO to SiO2 results in a significant decrease in the amount of the simple unit Q0 as well as the occurrence of the more complex structural unit Q3, suggesting a significant enhancement of the degree of polymerization in the vanadium slag.

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Simulation of ferro-alloy smelting in DC arc furnaces using Pyrosim and FactSage

Cited by 26 publications

References 2 publications

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

The recovery of platinum group metals from low-grade concentrates to an iron alloy using silicon carbide as reductant

Evolution of Viscosity and Structure Property of Vanadium Slag during Iron‐Extracting Reduction Process

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