Simulation of bubbles in foam with the volume control method

Abstract

Figure 1: When the level set is advected by the BFECC [Dupont and Liu 2003] method, the simulation of a rising bubble produces volume loss (top). When the proposed volume control method is used, the volume of bubble is preserved regardless of the length of the simulation (bottom). From left to right, each column shows the bubble at t = 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 10.0 second. The image on the far right shows a foam structure obtained after raising more than 400 bubbles. AbstractLiquid and gas interactions often produce bubbles that stay for a long time without bursting on the surface, making a dry foam structure. Such long lasting bubbles simulated by the level set method can suffer from a small but steady volume error that accumulates to a visible amount of volume change. We propose to address this problem by using the volume control method. We track the volume change of each connected region, and apply a carefully computed divergence that compensates undesired volume changes. To compute the divergence, we construct a mathematical model of the volume change, choose control strategies that regulate the modeled volume error, and establish methods to compute the control gains that provide robust and fast reduction of the volume error, and (if desired) the control of how the volume changes over time. Prior ArtsSignificant progress has been made since the pioneering work on fluid simulation for computer graphics [Kass and Miller 1990;O'Brien and

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“…Since then, many research work used uniform staggered MAC discretization to solve the Navier-Stokes equation and simulated various interesting fluid phenomena such as smoke, water, fire, droplets, non-Newtonian flow, bubbles and etc. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. In general, these grid-based Eulerian techniques have progressed to the point where fluid phenomena can be modeled so realistically that a naïve viewer may have difficulties in telling reality from simulated footage.…”

Animation of shape-controlled smoke flow

“…Frank et al [16] captured small visual detail with an octree data structure. Impressive effects of bubbles [8][9][10][11][12] ,gases [6] , smoke [4,28] , fluid [1,7,17,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35] , fire [14] , explosion [15] were generated. The above devoted to free flows' realistic effects.…”

“…Realistic effects of fluids' free flows have obtained, such as curling smoke [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] , bubbles [8][9][10][11][12] , sparkling fire [13][14][15] and splashing water [16][17][18] . In addition, animators want to get controlled fluid animations and desired artistic effects by controlling the fluid's flowing path or the target shapes.…”