Simulation and control of water-gas shift packed bed reactor with inter-stage cooling

Multistage carbon dioxide compressor efficiency enhancement using waste heat powered absorption chillers

“…Once the heat is removed from the process, the cooling water is returned to ( 1) the cooling towers where it is cooled down by the natural phenomenon of evaporation. 20 The process of cooling the gas in between the stages increases the economic feasibility of compression. However, the cooling water temperature depends on the ambient conditions, such as temperature and humidity.…”

Numerical Study of a Water Gas Shift Fixed Bed Reactor Operating at Low Pressures

“…This approach is adopted by some authors to study the behavior of fixed bed catalytic reactors. For example, the WGS reactors [24], or even the converters of dehydrogenation of 1-Butene into Butadiene [36]. This model can be relatively misleading in the case of the intermediate regime [37], but remains relatively less complicated mathematically than the rigorous model.…”

“…The equations of the model are derived from the continuity equation for the key component, CO, and the steady-state system energy balance, as follows: Mass balance: (23) where, XCO is the carbon monoxide conversion, Z is the reactor axial coordinate (m), ρB is the apparent density of the bed (kg.m −3 ), and S is the reactor tube cross section (m 2 ). Energy balance for an adiabatic reactor: (24) where, Cpi is the heat capacity at constant pressure of species i (J.mol −1 .K −1 ), and T is the temperature (K).…”

“…Other conditions require the use of more than one-dimensional models, such as: the non-adiabaticity of the reactor, the extreme exothermicity of the reaction [18,22], or even, when the reaction is produced in a membrane reactor [23]. To study these cases, other works adopting more complex heterogeneous models were carried out [15,[23][24][25]. These studies highlighted the risk associated with the possible overheating of catalysts when starting up the industrial unit before reaching steady state [15], they show that the location of a cooler inside the catalytic bed affects carbon monoxide conversion [24], and that one-dimensional models are not suitable for the membrane reactor [23].…”

“…To study these cases, other works adopting more complex heterogeneous models were carried out [15,[23][24][25]. These studies highlighted the risk associated with the possible overheating of catalysts when starting up the industrial unit before reaching steady state [15], they show that the location of a cooler inside the catalytic bed affects carbon monoxide conversion [24], and that one-dimensional models are not suitable for the membrane reactor [23]. Thanks to the 3D model developed, it was also possible to predict the partial pressure distribution of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the longitudinal and radial direction of a cylindrical part of the reactor [25].…”