Simulating time-to-contact when both target and observer are in motion

Geri, George A.; Gray, Robert C.; Grutzmacher, Richard P.

doi:10.1016/j.displa.2009.11.002

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In our earlier study (DeLucia et al, 2016), we also observed overestimations. We attributed them to our simple displays, in accordance with accounts in other studies (Geri, Gray, & Grutzmacher, 2010;Gray & Regan, 1998). For example, Geri et al noted the importance of context to whether participants overestimate or underestimate TTC.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Estimating the relative weights of visual and auditory tau versus heuristic-based cues for time-to-contact judgments in realistic, familiar scenes by older and younger adults

Keshavarz

Campos

DeLucia

et al. 2017

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Estimating time to contact (TTC) involves multiple sensory systems, including vision and audition. Previous findings suggested that the ratio of an object's instantaneous optical size/sound intensity to its instantaneous rate of change in optical size/sound intensity (τ) drives TTC judgments. Other evidence has shown that heuristic-based cues are used, including final optical size or final sound pressure level. Most previous studies have used decontextualized and unfamiliar stimuli (e.g., geometric shapes on a blank background). Here we evaluated TTC estimates by using a traffic scene with an approaching vehicle to evaluate the weights of visual and auditory TTC cues under more realistic conditions. Younger (18-39 years) and older (65+ years) participants made TTC estimates in three sensory conditions: visual-only, auditory-only, and audio-visual. Stimuli were presented within an immersive virtual-reality environment, and cue weights were calculated for both visual cues (e.g., visual τ, final optical size) and auditory cues (e.g., auditory τ, final sound pressure level). The results demonstrated the use of visual τ as well as heuristic cues in the visual-only condition. TTC estimates in the auditory-only condition, however, were primarily based on an auditory heuristic cue (final sound pressure level), rather than on auditory τ. In the audio-visual condition, the visual cues dominated overall, with the highest weight being assigned to visual τ by younger adults, and a more equal weighting of visual τ and heuristic cues in older adults. Overall, better characterizing the effects of combined sensory inputs, stimulus characteristics, and age on the cues used to estimate TTC will provide important insights into how these factors may affect everyday behavior.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Estimating the relative weights of visual and auditory tau versus heuristic-based cues for time-to-contact judgments in realistic, familiar scenes by older and younger adults

Keshavarz

Campos

DeLucia

et al. 2017

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…Negativity indicates that the visual angle decreases as the objects moves from Point 1 to Point 5. Finally, 3 8 Equation…”

Section: Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We then used a mathematical model to explain the results. The ratio of an object's size to its rate of expansion, called tau, is proposed as a prominent source of information for TTC judgments [1][2][3]. While this provides a reliable judgment of TTC in many situations, it has been shown that a number of additional sources of information are used by the observers, such as luminance of the object, the angular gap between the object's current position and its final destination, and binocular disparity [4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that observers are sensitive to the combination of these optical variables ( and ), though with unequal weighting [9]. Also, it was found that observers are sensitive to both the expansion and orientation components of object motion trajectories, including observer self-motion [3,10]. The formulation of tau is based on a first-order description of object velocity and thus does not consider accelerations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The accuracy of estimating time to contact in transversal motion and head-on motion

Daneshi

Azarnoush

Towhidkhah

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The ability to estimate precisely the time to contact (TTC) of the objects is necessary for planning actions in dynamic environments. TTC estimation is involved in many everyday activities with different levels of difficulty. Although tracking a ball that moves at a constant speed and estimating the time it reaches a non-moving target can be fairly simple, tracking a fast moving car with inconsistent speeds and estimating the time it reaches another car is rather difficult. In this study, we asked participants to estimate TTC of an object in transversal and head-on motions. The object became invisible shortly after movement initiation. The results demonstrated that TTC estimation for transversal motion is more accurate than for head-on motion. We present a mathematical model to explain why humans are better in estimating TTC for transversal motion than for head-on motion.

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“…In these tasks, TTC estimate of one object is compared with another object to make the judgment [35]. Since Tau is the most well known and most widely studied visual cue regarding TTC judgments [36], we consider Tau as the source of information to estimate TTC. As this study involves TTC judgments of two approaching spheres (i.e., relative TTC judgments), we consider relative optical cues (specifically, Relative Tau = Difference between Tau of two spheres = Tau Left − Tau Right ) as the source of information for the judgments.…”

Section: -2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochastic Resonance in Time-to-Contact Judgments

et al. 2015

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Communicated by Stanislav M. SoskinStochastic resonance (SR) is a counterintuitive phenomenon in which additive noise enhances performance of a nonlinear system. Previous studies demonstrated SR effect on human tactile sensitivity by adding noise of same modality and cross modality. Similarly, enhancement of human hearing through additive noise has been studied. In this study, we investigate the effect of noise in visual perception, specifically time-to-contact (TTC) judgments. This study explores four research questions: (1) Does noise help in TTC judgments? (2) How does noise affect speed and accuracy of TTC judgments? (3) Does cross modal noise help in TTC judgments? (4) How does cross modal noise affect speed and accuracy of TTC judgments? Through simulation, we show that noise in optical cue can enhance weak signals. We also demonstrate that noise can improve speed of TTC judgments at the expense of accuracy. Similarly, we demonstrate SR by adding noise of cross modality. These findings provide plausible hypotheses regarding how much noise should be added to enhance TTC judgments.

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Simulating time-to-contact when both target and observer are in motion

Cited by 10 publications

References 27 publications

Estimating the relative weights of visual and auditory tau versus heuristic-based cues for time-to-contact judgments in realistic, familiar scenes by older and younger adults

Estimating the relative weights of visual and auditory tau versus heuristic-based cues for time-to-contact judgments in realistic, familiar scenes by older and younger adults

The accuracy of estimating time to contact in transversal motion and head-on motion

Stochastic Resonance in Time-to-Contact Judgments

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