Simplified-antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide-type vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Zhou, Delai; Mawst, Luke J.

doi:10.1063/1.126127

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Since higher order modes do not meet the antiresonant condition, their losses remain large, leading to a highthreshold gain requirement for those modes. Single-mode operation has been reported from S-ARROW VCSELs [13] with diameters as large as m, although output powers were limited by thermal saturation to 1 mW. Optimization of the growth and fabrication process is expected to allow single-mode output powers in the 5-10-mW range for devices with 6-m-diameter apertures.…”

Section: S-arrow Vcsel Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter structure relies on the cavity-induced index step proposed by Hadley [10]. Although these devices display promising results, such as single-mode operation up to [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] for diameters as large as 16 m, the power has been limited to less than 2 mW because of the relatively large radiation loss incurred for the fundamental mode, which is inherent to the antiguide structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modal characteristics of ARROW-type vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Lee

Hagness

Zhou

et al. 2001

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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Section: S-arrow Vcsel Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modal characteristics of ARROW-type vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Lee

Hagness

Zhou

et al. 2001

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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“…11 These structures support leaky modes with the elements phase-locked in-phase or outof-phase, as well as intermediate modes with varying phase relationships between elements. We show that edge radiation losses and absorption losses selectively placed in the interelement regions of the array can discriminate against unwanted modes.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The first growth consists of n-DBR, cavity, one pair of p-DBR and two thin spacer layers of GaAs and GaInP. 11 We selectively etched away these two thin layers under the emitting elements area, and then regrow the top p-DBR. This provides the required index step for antiguiding due to the shift of optical resonant mode in the regions containing the spacer layers.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Two-dimensional phase-locked antiguided vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays

Zhou

Mawst

2000

Applied Physics Letters

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4ϫ4 antiguided phase-locked vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser ͑VCSEL͒ arrays have been fabricated by a selective etching process and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition regrowth. Stable, diffraction-limited output is observed corresponding to either in-phase or out-of-phase mode operation, depending on the interelement spacing width. Calculations indicate resonant leaky-wave coupling occurs for interelement spacings corresponding to an integral number of half-waves of the radiation leakage from each VCSEL region, and the use of interelement loss is effective in suppressing nonresonant modes. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. ͓S0003-6951͑00͒04141-3͔Coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser ͑VCSEL͒ arrays are an attractive means to increase the coherent output power of VCSELs. However, stable, high-power, diffractionlimited beam operation from two-dimensional ͑2D͒ VCSEL arrays has not been realized. [1][2][3] In addition, all previously reported phase-locked 2D VCSEL arrays operate in either an out-of-phase mode or a mixture of various modes, characteristic of weakly index guided arrays, with poor intermodal discrimination. External phase shifters have also been used on optically pumped VCSEL arrays to obtain ''in-phase mode-like'' emission, 4 however the beam is quite broad. Here we will present a novel monolithic antiguided 2D VCSEL array with stable in-phase mode emission. The progress in phase-locked 2D VCSEL arrays parallels closely that of edge-emitting phase-locked arrays. Weak coupling and poor intermodal discrimination found in evanescently coupled edge-emitting laser arrays has severely limited their single-mode output power. 5 By contrast, antiguided array structures exhibit strong leaky-wave coupling leading to high intermodal discrimination. As a result, edge-emitting antiguided arrays have demonstrated coherent output power in the watt range. 6 The large built-in index step and strong lateral radiation leakage from an antiguide make them well suited for array integration. Antiguided VCSELs have been demonstrated by either the regrowth of high-index material in a buried heterostructure design, 7 selective oxidation, 8 or by a cavity-induced resonant shifted structure. 9 Serkland et al. 10 have recently demonstrated leaky-wave coupling between two antiguided VCSELs ͑coupled in-phase or out-of-phase͒ using structures fabricated with a cavity-induced resonance shift. Here we demonstrate that 2D ͑4ϫ4͒ VCSEL arrays can be designed to operate in a stable in-phase mode in good agreement with theory. Calculations show resonant coupling 6 for the inphase ͑out-of-phase͒ mode occurs when the interelement spacing corresponds to an odd ͑even͒ integral number of half-waves of the antiguide radiation leakage, and that the use of interelement loss can be effective in suppressing nonresonant modes.For simplicity, we studied the leaky modes of a 4ϫ4 antiguided VCSEL array structure using a fiber-mode effective-index approximation. 11 These structures support leaky modes with the elements phase-locked i...

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Single-Mode VCSELs

Larsson

Gustavsson

2012

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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The only active transverse mode in a truly single-mode VCSEL is the fundamental mode with a near Gaussian field distribution. A single-mode VCSEL produces a light beam of higher spectral purity, higher degree of coherence and lower divergence than a multimode VCSEL and the beam can be more precisely shaped and focused to a smaller spot. Such beam properties are required in many applications. In this chapter, after discussing applications of single-mode VCSELs, we introduce the basics of fields and modes in VCSELs and review designs implemented for singlemode emission from VCSELs in different materials and at different wavelengths. This includes VCSELs that are inherently single-mode as well as inherently multimode VCSELs where higher-order modes are suppressed by mode selective gain or loss. In each case we present the current state-of-the-art and discuss pros and cons. At the end, a specific example with experimental results is provided and, as a summary, the most promising designs based on current technologies are identified. IntroductionThe vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is an attractive light source for an expanding range of applications. Due to low cost manufacturing, low power consumption, simplified packaging, attractive beam properties (circular and low divergence beam) and excellent high-speed modulation characteristics at low currents, it has replaced the edge-emitting laser in short-reach optical communication links

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Simplified-antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide-type vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Cited by 29 publications

References 10 publications

Modal characteristics of ARROW-type vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Modal characteristics of ARROW-type vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Two-dimensional phase-locked antiguided vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays

Single-Mode VCSELs

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