Two-dimensional phase-locked antiguided vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays

Zhou, Delai; Mawst, Luke J.

doi:10.1063/1.1317545

Cited by 65 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Both in-phase and out-of-phase operation were achieved by varying the separation between lasing elements. In 2000, this work was extended to 4x4 arrays of in-phase and out-ofphase coherently coupled antiguided VCSELs [7]. Actively controlled methods for injection locking arrays of VCSELs through the use of a "leader" laser to seed the mode of "follower" array elements in order to achieve coherent coupling has also been demonstrated to achieve both in-phase and out-of-phase coherent coupling as observed in the far field [8].…”

Section: (D) Manuscriptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic Crystal Light Emitting Diodes

Choquette¹,

Raftery²

2006

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Public Reporting Burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Final Report: Photonic Crystal Light Emitting Laser Arrays Report Title ABSTRACTCoherently coupled arrays of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) offer the potential of extended area coherent sources useful in a variety of applications in the high power (laser radar, optical communications, steerable sources) and low power (image processing, spectroscopic sensing, optical logic) regimes. A recently developed method for providing optical confinement is the introduction of a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) pattern with a defect, etched into the top distributed Bragg reflector, to define a defect cavity in a VCSEL. This report investigates the operation of PhC VCSELs that have multiple defect cavities to form arrays of vertically emitting lasers. A major achievement of this work is coherent coupling between the defect cavities, with both out-of-phase and in-phase coherent coupling in and defect cavity arrays. A qualitative and quantitative understanding of the optical characteristics of PhC VCSEL arrays was developed and demonstrated by the agreement of simulated to experiment results. Other conclusions supported by this study are: (1) different wafers result in coupling at different overlap integral values; (2) coupling can be effected by thermal effects (hysteresis observed), and (3) the relative phase difference between the defect civilities can be varied with injection current during both continuous-wave and pulsed operation.

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Section: (D) Manuscriptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic Crystal Light Emitting Diodes

Choquette¹,

Raftery²

2006

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“…. , D k [61], which is attached to a disordered, random optical scattering medium. The diodes can be switched on and off independently, leading to 2 k possible challenges or inputs C i to the medium.…”

Section: Integrated Optical Simplsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SIMPL Systems as a Keyless Cryptographic and Security Primitive

Rührmair

2012

Cryptography and Security: From Theory to Applications

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Abstract-We discuss a recent cryptographic primitive termed SIMPL system. Like Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs), SIMPL systems are disordered, unclonable physical systems with many possible inputs and a complex input-output behavior. Contrary to PUFs, however, each SIMPL system comes with a publicly known, individual numeric description that allows its slow simulation and output prediction. While everyone can determine a SIMPL system's output slowly by simulation, only its actual holder can determine the output fast by physical measurement. This added functionality allows new public key like protocols and applications.But SIMPLs have a second, perhaps more striking advantage: No secret information is, or needs to be, contained in SIMPL systems in order to enable cryptographic security. Neither in the form of a standard digital key, nor as secret information hidden in the random, analog features of some hardware, as it is the case for PUFs. The security of SIMPL systems instead rests on (i) an assumption regarding their physical unclonability, and (ii) a computational assumption on the complexity of simulating their output. This provides SIMPL systems with a natural immunity against any key extraction attacks, including malware, side channel, invasive, and modeling attempts.In this manuscript, we give a comprehensive discussion of SIMPLs as a cryptographic and security primitive. Special emphasis is placed on the different cryptographic protocols that are enabled by this new tool.

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“…In 1999, Serkland et al [18] demonstrated leaky-wave coupling between two antiguided VCSELs (coupled in-phase or out-of-phase) using structures fabricated by selectively etching down the cavity to generate an antiguiding effect. In 2000, we reported the first diffraction-limited (in-phase mode) on-axis emission from a monolithic 4 4 6 m-square-element antiguided VCSEL array [19]. Moreover, the emission pattern (either in-phase or out-of-phase mode operation) can be totally controlled by the 2-D array structure, such as by adjusting the array spacing or built-in index step [18], [19].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2000, we reported the first diffraction-limited (in-phase mode) on-axis emission from a monolithic 4 4 6 m-square-element antiguided VCSEL array [19]. Moreover, the emission pattern (either in-phase or out-of-phase mode operation) can be totally controlled by the 2-D array structure, such as by adjusting the array spacing or built-in index step [18], [19]. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive cold-cavity study of the 2-D antiguided (square-geometry) array modal behavior using the effective-index model and fiber-mode approximation method [20].…”

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confidence: 99%

Modal properties of two-dimensional antiguided vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays

Zhou

Mawst

Dai

2002

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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Abstract-We present a detailed analysis on 2-D (4 4 square-lattice) antiguided vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays based on the effective-index model. The calculation shows that the array can operate under 2-D resonant coupling, provided that the resonance condition in both the horizontal and vertical directions is satisfied. Consequently, the resonant-mode edge radiation loss is inversely proportional to the number of array elements along one direction for a array. Low-edge-loss out-of-phase and adjacent array modes are found to compete with the in-phase resonant mode. While the 3-D gain overlap is not a significant factor in modal discrimination, the introduction of inter-element loss allows the in-phase mode to exhibit the lowest threshold gain for a wide range of inter-element width, (1 0.5 m for 980-nm wavelength devices). The 2-D antiguided array results from shifting the cavity resonance between the element and inter-element regions and is fabricated by selective chemical etching and two-step metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth. Diffraction-limited in-phase and out-of-phase array mode operation is observed from top-emitting arrays, depending on the inter-element width. Substrate-emitting array structures are investigated as a means to lower heating and increase the coherent output power.

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Two-dimensional phase-locked antiguided vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays

Cited by 65 publications

References 12 publications

Photonic Crystal Light Emitting Diodes

Photonic Crystal Light Emitting Diodes

SIMPL Systems as a Keyless Cryptographic and Security Primitive

Modal properties of two-dimensional antiguided vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays

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