SimpleX: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Collaborative Filtering

Abstract

Collaborative filtering (CF) is a widely studied research topic in recommender systems. The learning of a CF model generally depends on three major components, namely interaction encoder, loss function, and negative sampling. While many existing studies focus on the design of more powerful interaction encoders, the impacts of loss functions and negative sampling ratios have not yet been well explored. In this work, we show that the choice of loss function as well as negative sampling ratio is equivalently important. More specifically, we propose the cosine contrastive loss (CCL) and further incorporate it to a simple unified CF model, dubbed SimpleX. Extensive experiments have been conducted on 11 benchmark datasets and compared with 29 existing CF models in total. Surprisingly, the results show that, under our CCL loss and a large negative sampling ratio, SimpleX can surpass most sophisticated state-of-the-art models by a large margin (e.g., max 48.5% improvement in NDCG@20 over LightGCN). We believe that SimpleX could not only serve as a simple strong baseline to foster future research on CF, but also shed light on the potential research direction towards improving loss function and negative sampling.

Learning Explicit User Interest Boundary for Recommendation

“…Sidana et al [29] proposed a model that can jointly learn the new representation of users and items in the embedded space, as well as the user's preference for item pairs. Mao et al [21] considers loss function and negative sampling ratio equivalently and propose a unified CF model to incorporate both. Zhou et al [36] introduces a limitations to ensure the fact that the scoring of correct instances must be low enough to fulfill the translation.…”