Simple and robust fabrication and characterization of conductive carbonized nanofibers loaded with gold nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering applications

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering is a new and applicable emerging approach to repair the bone defects. Electrical conductive scaffolds through a physiologically relevant physical signaling, electrical stimulation, has shown a highly promise in this approach. In this paper, we fabricated carbon nanofiber/gold nanoparticle (CNF/GNP) conductive scaffolds using two distinct methods; blending electrospinning in which GNP were blended with electrospinning solution, and electrospinning/electrospraying in which GNP was electrosprayed simultaneously with electrospinning. The obtained electrospun mats underwent stabilization/carbonization process.The scaffolds were characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. SEM characterizations showed improved morphology and a slight decrease in the diameter of the spinned and sprayed nanofibers (from 178.66 ± 38.40 nm to 157.94 ± 24.14 nm and 120.81 ± 13.77 nm, respectively), while XRD analysis confirmed the crystal structure of the nanofibers.Raman spectroscopy revealed enhancement in the graphitization of the structure, and the electrical conductivity of the structure improved by up to 29.2% and 81% in electrospraying and blending electrospinning modes, respectively. Indirect MTT and LDH toxicity assays directly were performed to assess MG63 cell toxicity, but no significant toxicity was observed and the scaffolds did not adversely affect cell proliferation. It can be concluded this structure have potential for bone tissue engineering applications.

Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Folic Acid/Hybrid Fibers: In Vitro Controlled Release Study and Cytocompatibility Assays

“…Çetmi et al (2019) fabricated microalgal extract-loaded PCL nanofibers, and MTT cell growth assays revealed that the new fibers enhance the growing of cardiovascular cells by contributing significantly to cell proliferation [ 66 ]. Similarly, carbon nanofiber/gold nanoparticle (CNF/GNP)-conductive nanofibers used as scaffold have been produced by Nekounam et al (2020) using two strategies: e-spraying simultaneously with electrospinning and blending electrospinning methods [ 67 ]. In this study, the MTT assays performed on MG63 cells did not show any toxicity, and all obtained nanofibers showed biocompatibility with cells.…”

Ceramic Nanofiber Materials for Wound Healing and Bone Regeneration: A Brief Review

“…In previous studies, Nekounam, et al [ 182 ] also studied the influence of the incorporation of gold nanoparticles into CNF produced by two distinct methods: mixed electrospinning and simultaneously spun electrospinning/electrospraying. Indirect toxicity assays of MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) showed no significant toxicity that did not adversely affect cell proliferation.…”

Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers from Biomass and Biomass Blends—Current Trends

“…Recent research indicates that carbon-based nanomaterials are potential candidates for biomedical applications, including drug delivery, repair and regeneration of various tissues, including nerves, muscles, bones, and for imaging [167][168][169]. Stocco et al have investigated that carbon nanofibers have strong mechanical properties capable of surviving without affecting mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering of the knee meniscus [170].…”