Similarities and differences of COVID-19 and avian infectious bronchitis from molecular pathologist and poultry specialist view point

Abstract

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important RNA viruses that affect respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary system of human being and birds. These viruses originated from the subfamily Coronavirinae which genetically includes Alphacoronavirus, Beta coronavirus, Gamma coronavirus and Delta coronavirus. The sequencing analysis of the genome showed that COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 belongs to Beta coronavirus genus and avian infectious bronchitis caused by IBV comes from Gamma coronavirus genus. Over the past few decades and until now, the world showed that endemic outbreaks of infectious bronchitis in avian caused by IBV. Once more, the world sees the emergence of another new human coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak due to a new strain called SARS-CoV-2. Whole genetic material and comparative genomic analysis exhibited that IBV and SARS-CoV-2 have particularly same genomic structures and characteristics. Both have a spike protein in the genome structure which allows that SARS-CoV-2 attaches to their human select cells throughout ACE2 receptors, that are notably reported in the lung and kidney. While IBV uses alpha 2,3 linked sialic acids-dependent manner for bind to the avian tissues which is notably reported in the lung and kidney. The two diseases are produced a pulmonary and urinary infection that lead to sneezing, gasping, respiratory massive destruction, severe pneumonia and renal failure. This review will introduce a general overview of two diseases and describe the phylogeny, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, autopsy report and microscopic lesions.

Genotyping of avian infectious bronchitis virus in broiler farms in Duhok province, north of Iraq

“…Additionally, infection with Mass types was the same as the prevalence rate in mentioned provinces. Finally, the results showed that the virus can affect birds of all ages and this was concluded by Cavanagh and Al-Jameel and Al-Mahmood (1,24).…”

Clinical and immunological study of specific Mycobacterium bovis-BCG transfer factor in lambs

“…Transfer factor has the ability to regulate the innate immune responses, which induce the synthesis of IFN-γ from NK cells (5). The innate and adaptive immune responses play a vital role in the prevention and control the mortality caused by COVID -19 infections (23,24). For this reason, the TF is recommended as adjuvant therapeutic agent in the prevention and control symptoms associated with COVID-19, this recommendation depending on several studies concerning the using of TF in the SARS-CoV-2 infection (25).…”