Simian foamy virus infection by whole‐blood transfer in rhesus macaques: potential for transfusion transmission in humans

Khan, Arifa S.; Kumar, Dhanya

doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00862.x

Cited by 34 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…The presumed route of transmission is from infectious virions or infected cells in NHP saliva to human blood (10,41). It is not well understood how SFV establishes infection after transmission, but a current model involves SFV entering blood cells where a latent infection is established.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New World Simian Foamy Virus Infections In Vivo and In Vitro

Stenbak

Craig

Ivanov

et al. 2014

J Virol

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e Foamy viruses (FV) are complex retroviruses that naturally infect all nonhuman primates (NHP) studied to date. Zoonotic transmission of Old World NHP simian foamy viruses (SFV) has been documented, leading to nonpathogenic persistent infections. To date, there have been no reports concerning zoonotic transmission of New World monkey (NWM) SFV to humans and resulting infection. In this study, we developed a Western blot assay to detect antibodies to NWM SFV, a nested PCR assay to detect NWM SFV DNA, and a ␤-galactosidase-containing indicator cell line to assay replication of NWM SFV. Using these tools, we analyzed the plasma and blood of 116 primatologists, of whom 69 had reported exposures to NWM. While 8 of the primatologists tested were seropositive for SFV from a NWM, the spider monkey, none had detectable levels of viral DNA in their blood. We found that SFV isolated from three different species of NWM replicated in some, but not all, human cell lines. From our data, we conclude that while humans exposed to NWM SFV produce antibodies, there is no evidence for long-term viral persistence. Foamy viruses (FV) are unusual complex retroviruses that infect cattle, horses, cats, and all species of nonhuman primates (NHP) examined to date (reviewed in reference 1). Simian foamy viruses (SFV) can cause life-long infections in natural hosts without any apparent pathogenicity (2). In cell culture models, SFV can establish latent infections in some cell types and lytic infections in others, resulting in cytopathic effects (CPE) that include syncytium formation (reviewed in reference 3). In infected macaques, FV DNA is found in almost all tissues, while FV RNA and replicating virus are limited to the superficial epithelial cells of the oral mucosa in immunocompetent animals (4, 5). Consistent with the site of viral replication detected in vivo, it is thought that FV are transmitted via saliva, through grooming, biting, and other behaviors. Studies of natural transmission suggest that infant and young NHP are resistant to infection, presumably because of passive immunity from maternal antibodies, but typically (for macaques) become infected by 3 years of age (6). Epidemiological studies indicate that SFV seroprevalence can reach up to 100% in adults (reviewed in reference 7).Although FV do not naturally infect humans, SFV have been found to be zoonotically transmitted, most likely through contact with saliva from an infected NHP. Several studies have documented the transmission of SFV to humans who interact directly with Old World (OW) NHP, including Cercopithicus species, baboons, macaques, mandrills, gorillas, and chimpanzees (reviewed in reference 7). SFV antibody-positive humans have been found in a variety of natural settings, including people in Asia who live in areas with free-ranging macaques, villagers in Gabon with known exposure to NHP, and a population of hunters in Cameroon with bites from Old World NHP (6,(8)(9)(10)(11). SFV antibody-positive humans have also been documented in various laboratory, veterina...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New World Simian Foamy Virus Infections In Vivo and In Vitro

Stenbak

Craig

Ivanov

et al. 2014

J Virol

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“…FV infections are persistent and infected animals show a sustained antibody response against Gag and Bet that is used for serological identification of infected hosts via ELISA and/or immunoblotting ( , [Hahn et al, 1994], [Heneine et al, 2003], [Khan and Kumar, 2006], [Saib, 2003] and [Williams and Khan, 2010]). Virus can commonly be isolated from infected cats, cattle and non-human primates ( , [Heneine et al, 2003], [Khan and Kumar, 2006], [Romen et al, 2007], [Saib, 2003] and [Williams and Khan, 2010]); however, no disease was associated with infections and thus, FVs are therefore considered apathogenic ( [Linial, 2000] and [Saib, 2003]). In addition, zoonotic infections of human beings by simian FVs have been described but are not associated with an overt disease ( [Heneine et al, 2003] and [Khan, 2009]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern of seroreactivity against feline foamy virus proteins in domestic cats from Germany

Bleiholder

Mühle

Hechler

et al. 2011

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology

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“…Monkey injections and blood transfusions. The source of the animals, retrovirus screening, and maintenance of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at the FDA animal facility (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) were previously described (36). The animals, designated DBL2, DBNP, DBHH, DBHE, DBLZ, DBCF, and DBHT, were adults at the time of this study and had previously tested negative for type D simian retrovirus (SRV), simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV), and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) based upon serology and further tested negative for SRV based upon a PCR assay and virus isolation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

No Evidence of Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus Transmission by Blood Transfusion from Infected Rhesus Macaques

Williams

Galvin²,

Gao

et al. 2013

J Virol

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The discovery of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in human tissue samples has been shown to be due to virus contamination with a recombinant murine retrovirus. However, due to the unknown pathogenicity of this novel retrovirus and its broad host range, including human cell lines, it is important to understand the modes of virus transmission and develop mitigation and management strategies to reduce the risk of human exposure and infection. XMRV transmission was evaluated by whole-blood transfusion in rhesus macaques. Monkeys were infected with XMRV to serve as donor monkeys for blood transfers at weeks 1, 2, and 3 into naïve animals. The donor and recipient monkeys were evaluated for XMRV infection by nested PCR assays with nucleotide sequence confirmation, Western blot assays for development of virus-specific antibodies, and coculture of monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a sensitive target cell line for virus isolation. XMRV infection was demonstrated in the virus-injected donor monkeys, but there was no evidence of virus transmission by whole-blood transfusion to naïve monkeys based upon PCR analysis of PBMCs using XMRV-specific gag and env primers, Western blot analysis of monkey plasma up to 31 to 32 weeks after transfusion, and coculture studies using monkey PBMCs from various times after transfusion. The study demonstrates the lack of XMRV transmission by whole-blood transfusion during the acute phase of infection. Furthermore, analysis of PBMC viral DNA showed extensive APOBEC-mediated G-to-A hypermutation in a donor animal at week 9, corroborating previous results using macaques and supporting the possible restriction of XMRV replication in humans by a similar mechanism.

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Simian foamy virus infection by whole‐blood transfer in rhesus macaques: potential for transfusion transmission in humans

Abstract: SFV transmission in macaques occurred by transfusion of blood from one of two infected donor animals. These results indicate the potential of SFV transfusion transmission in humans, which may depend on virus-specific or donor-related factors.

Cited by 34 publications

References 32 publications

New World Simian Foamy Virus Infections In Vivo and In Vitro

New World Simian Foamy Virus Infections In Vivo and In Vitro

Pattern of seroreactivity against feline foamy virus proteins in domestic cats from Germany

No Evidence of Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus Transmission by Blood Transfusion from Infected Rhesus Macaques

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