“…However, the virucidal properties of the metal-ion deposited TiO 2 was seldom examined [12,13], hampering the development of commercially viable applications of photocatalysts such as for drinking water treatment. In addition, the combination of silver and copper together with TiO 2 nanowires remains largely unexplored for its antimicrobial properties, although the combined metal loading of TiO 2 nanoparticles have been recently studied for the removal of organic contaminants from water [14,15]. This study experimentally established the individual and combined effects of silver and copper loaded TiO 2 nanowire membrane on the inactivation of bacteria and virus.…”