Silver nanoparticles
(AgNPs) have potent antimicrobial activity
and, for this reason, are incorporated into a variety of products,
raising concern about their potential risks and impacts on human health
and the environment. The developmental period is highly dependent
on thyroid hormones (THs), and puberty is a sensitive period, where
changes in the hormonal environment may have permanent effects. We
evaluated the hypothalamic–pituitary (HP)–thyroid axis
after exposure to low doses of AgNPs using a validated protocol to
assess pubertal development and thyroid function in immature male
rats. For stimulatory events of the HP–thyroid axis, we observed
an increase in the expression of Trh mRNA and serum
triiodothyronine. Negative feedback reduced the hypothalamic expression
of Dio2 mRNA and increased the expression of Thra1, Thra2, and Thrb2 mRNAs. In the pituitary,
there was a reduced expression of Mct-8 mRNA and Dio2 mRNA. For peripheral T3-target tissues, a reduced expression
of Mct-8 mRNA was observed in the heart and liver.
An increased expression of Dio3 mRNA was observed
in the heart and liver, and an increased expression of Thrb2 mRNA was observed in the liver. The quantitative proteomic profile
of the thyroid gland indicated a reduction in cytoskeletal proteins
(Cap1, Cav1, Lasp1, Marcks, and Tpm4; 1.875 μg AgNP/kg) and
a reduction in the profile of chaperones (Hsp90aa1, Hsp90ab1, Hspa8,
Hspa9, P4hb) and proteins that participate in the N-glycosylation
process (Ddost, Rpn1 and Rpn2) (15 μg AgNP/kg). Exposure to
low doses of AgNPs during the window of puberty development affects
the regulation of the HP–thyroid axis with further consequences
in thyroid gland physiology.