Silver as an Antibiotic-Independent Antimicrobial: Review of Current Formulations and Clinical Relevance

Silver Carboxylate as an Antibiotic-Independent Antimicrobial: A Review of Current Formulations, in vitro Efficacy, and Clinical Relevance

“…Silver carboxylate (AgCar) is a metal organicderived compound that falls into a newer category of antimicrobial delivery systems called metalorganic frameworks (MOFs). 26 Silver carboxylate is an attractive alternative or synergist to antimicrobials because its chemistry permits a controlled and predictable release of silver, which increases its duration of action while minimizing toxicity risks when compared to previous silver formulations. [29][30][31] This predictable and controlled rate of silver ion release is thought to be due to the covalent bond strength between the silver ions and the carboxylated compound.…”

“…26 Ionic silver, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), colloidal silver, and silver nitrate are all potent antimicrobial agents; however, these formulations are limited by an uncontrolled release of silver ions, that can lead to cytotoxicity. 26 Newer formulations of silver, such as silver sulfadiazine, silver oxide, and AQUACEL ® Ag SURGICAL Cover Dressing (ConvaTec, Berkshire, UK) improve upon the cytotoxic properties of the earlier silver formulations, but still have limitations, such as a high cost of treatment, and comparable alternatives for treatment with smaller side effect profiles. 26 Silver also has significant potential for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens.…”

“…26 Newer formulations of silver, such as silver sulfadiazine, silver oxide, and AQUACEL ® Ag SURGICAL Cover Dressing (ConvaTec, Berkshire, UK) improve upon the cytotoxic properties of the earlier silver formulations, but still have limitations, such as a high cost of treatment, and comparable alternatives for treatment with smaller side effect profiles. 26 Silver also has significant potential for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. A proprietary formulation of silver carboxylate (AgCar) that has undergone extensive validation 20,22,23,30 has emerged as a promising antimicrobial silver formulation due to a matrix chemistry that allows for a controlled and predictable loading and release of silver carboxylate.…”

“…While several of the previously discussed methods of addressing antimicrobial resistance are nascent in their discovery and development, silver has historically been used as an antimicrobial agent with potential to overcome bacterial resistance profiles due to its multimodal method of antisepsis. 26 , 27 However, concerns exist regarding its cytotoxicity against human cells. 26 , 28 To address these concerns, silver carboxylate, a more novel formulation, has emerged as a likely safer and more efficacious alternative, especially as it potentially possesses several of the key novel antimicrobial traits mentioned previously.…”

Exploring the Co-Crystallization of Kojic Acid with Silver(I), Copper(II), Zinc(II), and Gallium(III) for Potential Antibacterial Applications

“…Silver and its compounds have been widely used as antimicrobial agents [ 8 ], for example silver nitrate for the treatment of burn wounds [ 9 ] and silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) as a broad-spectrum antibiotic for burn wounds [ 10 ]. The antimicrobial activities of zinc work via direct interactions with microbial membranes, leading to membrane instability and enhanced permeability [ 11 ] or via interactions with nucleic acids and the inactivation of respiratory enzymes [ 12 ].…”