Silicon photomultipliers for improved detection of low light levels in miniature near-infrared spectroscopy instruments

Zimmermann, Raphael; Braun, Fabian; Achtnich, Timon; Lambercy, Olivier; Gassert, Roger; Wolf, M.

doi:10.1364/boe.4.000659

Cited by 57 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Being semiconductor-based devices, they come in small packages, require lower operating voltages and are not vulnerable to ambient light exposure or magnetic fields (Renker, 2007). Due to their practical advantages compared to PMTs, which we recently also started to discover with own experiments (Zimmermann et al, 2013a), we expect further developments employing SiPMs in the field of NIRI instrumentation.…”

Section: Photodetectors For Fniri Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology

Scholkmann¹,

Kleiser²,

Metz³

et al. 2014

NeuroImage

1,418

1,394

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This year marks the 20th anniversary of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging (fNIRS/fNIRI). As the vast majority of commercial instruments developed until now are based on continuous wave technology, the aim of this publication is to review the current state of instrumentation and methodology of continuous wave fNIRI. For this purpose we provide an overview of the commercially available instruments and address instrumental aspects such as light sources, detectors and sensor arrangements. Methodological aspects, algorithms to calculate the concentrations of oxy-and deoxyhemoglobin and approaches for data analysis are also reviewed. From the single-location measurements of the early years, instrumentation has progressed to imaging initially in two dimensions (topography) and then three (tomography). The methods of analysis have also changed tremendously, from the simple modified Beer-Lambert law to sophisticated image reconstruction and data analysis methods used today. Due to these advances, fNIRI has become a modality that is widely used in neuroscience research and several manufacturers provide commercial instrumentation. It seems likely that fNIRI will become a clinical tool in the foreseeable future, which will enable diagnosis in single subjects. This year marks the 20th anniversary of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging (fNIRS/fNIRI). As the vast majority of commercial instruments developed until now are based on continuous wave technology, the aim of this publication is to review the current state of instrumentation and methodology of continuous wave fNIRI. For this purpose we provide an overview of the commercially available instruments and address instrumental aspects such as light sources, detectors and sensor arrangements. Methodological aspects, algorithms to calculate the concentrations of oxy-and deoxyhemoglobin and approaches for data analysis are also reviewed. From the single-location measurements of the early years, instrumentation has progressed to imaging initially in two dimensions (topography) and then three (tomography). The methods of analysis have also changed tremendously, from the simple modified Beer-Lambert law to sophisticated image reconstruction and data analysis methods used today. Due to these advances, fNIRI has become a modality that is widely used in neuroscience research and several manufacturers provide commercial instrumentation. It seems likely that fNIRI will become a clinical tool in the foreseeable future, which will enable diagnosis in single subjects. Contents

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Section: Photodetectors For Fniri Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Novel detectors are being developed, such as e.g. silicon photomultipliers, which are based on single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) (Zimmermann et al, 2013a). So far the silicon photomultipliers are only used in continuous wave instrumentation.…”

Section: Future Directions Of Fnirimentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology

Scholkmann¹,

Kleiser²,

Metz³

et al. 2014

NeuroImage

1,418

1,394

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Because of the previous advantages, during the last two years the diffuse optics community started to consider SiPMs to build Continuous-Wave (CW) prototypes for functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) [18,19]. On the other side, despite the great attractiveness of SiPMs, their use in Time Domain (TD) diffuse optics is still largely unexplored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast silicon photomultiplier improves signal harvesting and reduces complexity in time-domain diffuse optics

Mora¹,

Martinenghi²,

Contini³

et al. 2015

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We present a proof of concept prototype of a time-domain diffuse optics probe exploiting a fast Silicon PhotoMultiplier (SiPM), featuring a timing resolution better than 80 ps, a fast tail with just 90 ps decay time-constant and a wide active area of 1 mm 2 . The detector is hosted into the probe and used in direct contact with the sample under investigation, thus providing high harvesting efficiency by exploiting the whole SiPM numerical aperture and also reducing complexity by avoiding the use of cumbersome fiber bundles. Our tests also demonstrate high accuracy and linearity in retrieving the optical properties and suitable contrast and depth sensitivity for detecting localized inhomogeneities. In addition to a strong improvement in both instrumentation cost and size with respect to legacy solutions, the setup performances are comparable to those of state-of-the-art time-domain instrumentation, thus opening a new way to compact, low-cost and high-performance time-resolved devices for diffuse optical imaging and spectroscopy.

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“…SiPMs are compatible to systems with static and dynamic magnetic fields and have been successfully applied, or tested in different applications, which can be divided into three groups: single-photon detection applications (e.g. fNiRS [4], Cherenkov detection [5]); photon-number resolved applications (e.g. quantum random number generators [6]); multi-photon detection applications (like positron emission tomography (PET) [7]and gamma imaging for proton therapy [8]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planar CMOS analog SiPMs: design, modeling, and characterization

Zou

Villa

Bronzi

et al. 2015

Journal of Modern Optics

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, respectively). Although dark count rate density is slightly higher than state-of-the-art analog SiPMs, the proposed standard CMOS processing opens the feasibility of integration with active electronics, for switching hot pixels off, drastically reducing the overall dark count rate, or for further on-chip processing.keywoards-single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD); silicon photomultiplier (SiPM); single-photon sensitivity; photon counting; CMOS technology; SPICE modeling

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Silicon photomultipliers for improved detection of low light levels in miniature near-infrared spectroscopy instruments

Cited by 57 publications

References 17 publications

A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology

A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology

Fast silicon photomultiplier improves signal harvesting and reduces complexity in time-domain diffuse optics

Planar CMOS analog SiPMs: design, modeling, and characterization

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