Silicon nitride Mach-Zehnder interferometer for on-chip quantum random number generation

Prokhodtsov, A.; Kovalyuk, Vadim; An, Pavel; Golikov, Alexander; Shakhovoy, Roman; Sharoglazova, Violetta; Udaltsov, Alexander; Kurochkin, Y. V.; Gol’tsman, G.

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1695/1/012118

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Several other trusted device QRNGs exist, which do not fit into the abovementioned classes. In order to reduce the physical dimensions, QRNGs have been implemented in different substrates such as indium phosphide (InP) [151], lithium niobate (LN) [152], silicon-on-insulator (SOI) [153], silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ). Such devices have applications in photonic integrated circuits.…”

Section: Raman Scatteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness

Mannalath¹,

Mishra²,

Pathak³

2022

Preprint

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Random numbers are central to cryptography and various other tasks. The intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics has allowed us to construct a large number of quantum random number generators (QRNGs) that are distinct from the traditional true number generators. This article provides a review of the existing QRNGs with a focus on various possible features of QRNGs (e.g., self-testing, device independence, semi-device independence) that are not achievable on the classical world. It also discusses the origin, applicability, and other facets of randomness. Specifically, the origin of randomness is explored from the perspective of a set of hierarchical axioms for quantum mechanics, implying that succeeding axioms can be regarded as a superstructure constructed on top of a structure built by the preceding axioms. The axioms considered are: (Q1) incompatibility and uncertainty; (Q2) contextuality; (Q3) entanglement; (Q4) nonlocality and (Q5) indistinguishability of identical particles. Relevant toy generalized probability theories (GPTs) are introduced, and it is shown that the origin of random numbers in different types of QRNGs known today are associated with different layers of nonclassical theories and all of them do not require all the features of quantum mechanics. Further, classification of the available QRNGs has been done and the technological challenges associated with each class is critically analyzed. Commercially available QRNGs are also compared.

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Section: Raman Scatteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness

Mannalath¹,

Mishra²,

Pathak³

2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, the principle and implementation of QRNGs need to be improved urgently, and more and more new methods are expectively proposed to design QRNGs. [20][21][22] On the other hand, at the very beginning of noisy intermediatescale quantum (NISQ) era, [23] quantum supremacy [24] has been proposed that certain computing tasks may be executed exponentially faster on current quantum computers than on classical computers. [25] Boson sampling is considered as a powerful candidate for experimental verification of quantum supremacy, [26] which samples the probability distribution generated by the evolution of single photons through a linear optical network only including phase shifters and beam splitters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the principle and implementation of QRNGs need to be improved urgently, and more and more new methods are expectively proposed to design QRNGs. [ 20–22 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Unbiased Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Boson Sampling

Shi,

Zhao,

Wang

et al. 2023

Adv Quantum Tech

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It is proven that Boson sampling is a much promising model of optical quantum computation, which is applied to designing quantum computer successfully, such as “Jiuzhang”. However, the meaningful randomness of Boson sampling results has not been utilized or exploited. In this research, Boson sampling is applied to design a quantum random number generator (QRNG) by fully exploiting the randomness of Boson sampling results, and its prototype system is constructed with the programmable silicon photonic processor, which can generate unbiased random sequences and overcome the shortcomings of the existing discrete QRNGs such as source‐restricted, high demand for the photon number resolution capability of detector and slow self‐detection generator speed. Boson sampling is implemented as a random entropy source, and random bit strings with satisfactory randomness and uniformity can be obtained after post‐processing the sampling results. It is the first approach for applying the randomness of Boson sampling results to develop a practical prototype system for actual tasks, and the experiment results demonstrate that the designed Boson sampling‐based QRNG prototype system passes 15 tests of the NIST SP 800‐22 statistical test component, which proves that Boson sampling has great potential for practical applications with desirable performance besides quantum advantage.

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“…Among these types, MMI does not only enable low loss and broad bandwidth, but also allows variable-ratio power splitting and multiple mode splitting for flexible multimode signal processing [36], [37], [38]. Meanwhile, MMI-based on-chip quantum interferometers have been mostly investigated with low loss, wide bandwidth, high visibility, and high fabrication tolerance, compared to directional couplers or Y junctions [39], [40], [41], [42], [43]. Especially for quantum applications, polarization independence is a key feature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Performance Polarization-Independent Beam Splitters and MZI in Silicon Carbide Integrated Platforms for Single-Photon Manipulation

Shi

Peng

et al. 2022

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Silicon carbide (SiC), having various intrinsic color centers, is a highly promising optical materials for making monolithic quantum integrated photonic circuits, by combining the single-photon sources with the integrated photonic components in SiC integrated platforms. Based on this quantum-material platform, we propose polarization-independent 1 × 2 and 2 × 2 multimode interference based beam splitters and Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI) for single-photon manipulation with unknown polarization states. We experimentally demonstrate that these devices exhibit excellent performances with incident light at both high power (>-10 dBm) and ultra-low power (<-100 dBm). The 1 × 2 and 2 × 2 beam splitters have low average loss of 1 dB and 1.5 dB, with a wide bandwidth of >100 nm and >70 nm, respectively. The MZI exhibits high transmittance, with a visibility of 98.3% and 97.6% for the high-power measurement and an even higher visibility of 99.0 ± 0.4% and 98.7 ± 0.6% for the ultra-low power measurement, for the TE and TM polarizations, respectively.

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Silicon nitride Mach-Zehnder interferometer for on-chip quantum random number generation

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness

A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness

An Unbiased Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Boson Sampling

High-Performance Polarization-Independent Beam Splitters and MZI in Silicon Carbide Integrated Platforms for Single-Photon Manipulation

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