“…67 °C. â Considerable debate still exists as to whether the transition is underpinned by electronî¸phonon coupling (with an accompanying Peierlsâ distortion) or a modification of electronî¸electron correlation (as is characteristic of Mott insulators). ,,, Below the transition temperature, the insulating phase of VO 2 has an optical bandgap estimated to be 600 meV, which is eliminated upon temperature-, voltage-, photoexcitation-, or strain-induced metallization. , Whether or not a specific crystal structure gives rise to a specific (insulating or metallic) electronic structure or is a consequence of such an electronic structure, below the transition temperature, the monoclinic (M 1 ) phase ( P 2 1 / c ) of VO 2 is preferentially stabilized, whereas above the transition temperature, the tetragonal/rutile (R) phase ( P 4 2 / mnm ) represents the thermodynamic minimum. ,â The M 1 phase of VO 2 has alternating VâV distances of 2.65 and 3.12 Ă
along the crystallographic a axis and presents a canted, zigzag configuration along the cation sublattice. In contrast, the R structure is a higher symmetry phase with a linear periodic arrangement of vanadium atoms along the cation sublattice characterized by uniform VâV lengths of 2.85 Ă
(along the c axis). ,,, The abrupt and massive switching of conductance and optical transmittance in close proximity of room temperature in response to external stimuli such as temperature (and also strain, photoexcitation, and voltage) makes this compound of great interest for functional applications in logic and memory circuitry, electromagnetic cloaking, ballistic modulation, and thermochromic glazing to provide just a few representative examples. ,,â …”