“…Fluoride can be removed from water by employing a number of processes, including adsorption and biosorption (Chatterjee & De, 2014); ion-exchange (Rogoziński, Tyszkiewicz, Karasiński, Żelechower & Szala, 2016); chemical precipitation, which may include electro-coagulation/flotation (Drouiche et al, 2012); and membrane processes, such as reverse osmosis (Shen, Richards & Schäfer, 2016), dialysis (Kir & Alkan, 2006), nano-filtration (Jadhav, Marathe & Rathod, 2016), and electrodialysis (Arahman, Mulyati, Lubis, Takagi & Matsuyama, 2016). Most methods for removing fluoride have drawbacks, including highinitial costs, lack of selectivity, low capacity, and difficulty in operation or regeneration.…”