Significant perspectives on various viral infections targeted antiviral drugs and vaccines including COVID-19 pandemicity

Abstract

A virus enters a living organism and recruits host metabolism to reproduce its own genome and proteins. The viral infections are intricate and cannot be completely removed through existing antiviral drugs. For example, the herpes, influenza, hepatitis and human immunodeficiency viruses are a few dreadful ones amongst them. Significant studies are needed to understand the viral entry and their growth in host cells to design effective antivirals. This review emphasizes the range of therapeutical antiviral drugs, inhibitors along with vaccines to fight against viral pathogens, especially for combating COVID-19. Moreover, we have provided the basic and in depth information about viral targets, drugs availability, their mechanisms of action, method of prevention of viral diseases and highlighted the significances of anticoagulants, convalescent plasma for COVID-19 treatment, scientific details of airborne transmission, characteristics of antiviral drug delivery using nanoparticles/carriers, nanoemulsions, nanogels, metal based nanoparticles, alike the future nanosystems through nanobubbles, nanofibers, nanodiamonds, nanotraps, nanorobots and eventually, the therapeutic applications of micro- and nanoparticulates, current status for clinical development against COVID-19 together with environmental implications of antivirals, gene therapy etc., which may be useful for repurposing and designing of novel antiviral drugs against various dreadful diseases, especially the SARS-CoV-2 and other associated variants.

Discovery of a novel antibiotic, Transitmycin, fromStreptomycessp unveils highly efficient activities against tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus

“…Percentage of inhibition was calculated using the RLU of control and test and MIC was determined. [81,82]…”

“…After incubation 100 µl of suspension from each vial was transferred to a luminometer cuvette. 100 µL of Dluciferin was added and relative light unit (RLU) was measured in a luminometer[77].Percentage of inhibition was calculated using the RLU of control and test and MIC was determined [81,82]. Activity against M. tuberculosis biofilmCell suspensions of M. tuberculosis H37Rv were prepared using 7H9 broth.…”

Antimicrobial peptides for novel antiviral strategies in the current post‐COVID‐19 pandemic

“…The fact that both peptides showed no activity against non‐enveloped viruses suggested that the principal mechanism of action was directly exerted on the viral envelope, involving a plausible interaction with the lipid bilayer, viral glycoproteins, and/or more generally with the attachment and fusion steps of viral infections. Among all analogs of [Pro 3 , D leu 9 ]‐temporin L, the one with Gly 10 replaced with Nle and carrying an aliphatic side chain led to a significant improvement of activity against both HSV‐1 and SARS‐CoV‐2. This peptide was further modified by adding a cholesterol tag at its N‐ or C‐terminal side, obtaining peptides with good efficiency in the cotreatment and virus pretreatment experiments.…”

“…9 Since the development of the first antiviral drug, named idoxuridine (5-iodo-20-deoxyuridine) and approved in 1963, antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action have been approved for clinical treatment of human infectious diseases caused by RNA or DNA viruses, including COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. 10 Most of the approved antiviral drugs targets the viral structure, and they are administrated as mono or in combined therapies. The majority are small molecules with diverse roles in clinical use.…”