Significance of Lipid and Lipoprotein in Organism

Abstract

Lipids are important energy and building compounds. Their decomposition provides a significant amount of energy required for various life processes. It can thus be deposited in triglycerides and adipocytes. Some of them, in conjunction with proteins, form the most important structural elements of cells and cellular organelles, while others are precursors for the synthesis of numerous active compounds such as some hormones or prostaglandins. Lipids are ingested but can also be synthesized in the body. In circulation, lipids are found packed in lipoprotein molecules because they are insoluble in water. Lipoproteins have a central lipid part (nucleus) containing triglycerides and cholesterol esters, and on the surface there is a sheath composed of certain proteins (apoproteins), phospholipids, and small amounts of free cholesterol. Thanks to this sheath, lipids can be transported via blood. It took a long time to determine the importance and role of lipids in the body, as well as their role in many metabolic disorders of various diseases. This field is still unexplored and is a challenge for many researchers to prevent and treat lipid metabolism disorders.

Lipoproteomics: Methodologies and Analysis of Lipoprotein-Associated Proteins along with the Drug Intervention

“…Lipoproteins are complex protein particles of an amphipathic nature, structurally are formed by an outer layer of phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apolipoproteins, and inside contain a nucleus of cholesterol esters and triglycerides [8]. When the lipoprotein complex is formed, the orientation of the hydrophilic proportions is toward the outside and the lipophilic proportions toward the interior; this structural characteristic allows the complex to have the ability to emulsify fats in extracellular fluids [8].…”

“…Lipoproteins are complex protein particles of an amphipathic nature, structurally are formed by an outer layer of phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apolipoproteins, and inside contain a nucleus of cholesterol esters and triglycerides [8]. When the lipoprotein complex is formed, the orientation of the hydrophilic proportions is toward the outside and the lipophilic proportions toward the interior; this structural characteristic allows the complex to have the ability to emulsify fats in extracellular fluids [8]. Based on their density defined by the protein to lipids ratios, lipoproteins are grouped into six classes: chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), and lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)] [8,9].…”

“…These latter are cleared by liver uptake via LDL receptor-related protein (LRP). To synthesize VLDL, newly synthesized triglyceride and cholesterol by the liver are incorporated into chylomicron remnants [8,10]. These large triglyceride-rich VLDLs are released to the circulation and travel to peripheral tissues, where the lipase digestion of triglycerides occurs resulting in the IDL formation (VLDL remnants).…”

The Prophylactic Effect of Eucheuma spinosum on Total Blood Cholesterol Levels in Rattus norvegicus Dexamethasone-Induced

“…This causes a hyperlipidemic condition with an abnormal increase in blood lipid levels (Dolatabadi, 2015). Lipids in the blood circulate as lipoproteins, which consist of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and proteins (Jovandaric & Milenkovic, 2020).…”