Lipoproteomics: Methodologies and Analysis of Lipoprotein-Associated Proteins along with the Drug Intervention

Abstract

Lipoproteins are specialized particles involved in the transport and distribution of hydrophobic lipids, as cholesterol and triglycerides, throughout the body. The lipoproteins exhibit a basic spherical shape as complexes of lipids and proteins, and these latter are known as apolipoproteins. Initially, the proteins associated with lipoproteins were recognized as integral or peripheral proteins that only maintain the dynamics and metabolism of lipoproteins. However, there exist many studies on different lipoproteins evidencing that the quantity and type of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein-associated proteins are diverse and could be associated with different lipoprotein function outcomes. Here, we summarized recent processes in the determination of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein-associated proteins profiles through a proteomic approach, analyzing the major methods available and are used to achieve this. We also discuss the relevance of these lipoproteomic analyses on the human disease outcomes.

Role of Lipoproteins in the Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer

“…Cholesterol can be esterified or converted to 27-HC, which is thought to stimulate the growth of ER+ve breast cancer cells, rather than cholesterol. Considering the significance of cholesterol in the progression of breast cancer, cholesterol-dropping medicines and apoA-I mimetics with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties might emerge as promising therapeutics for reducing the harmful effects of excessive cholesterol in breast cancer [ 34 ]. Lipophilic statins appear to be an effective method to abscond breast cancer recurrence and mortality [ 56 ].…”

“…ApoA1, which is largely generated in the small intestine and in the liver, is expressed in the majority of HDL molecules, and accounts for approximately 70% of their lipoprotein composition. Apo-A2 is generated only in the liver and accounts for about 20% of their lipoprotein composition; it is expressed on around 67 percent of HDL molecules [ 34 ]. When apo-A1 is released, it is lipidated by triglycerides and free cholesterol, resulting in the formation of precursor HDL molecules.…”

“…The many distinct lipoproteins involve various soluble proteins that combine with and transport the cholesterol to their destinations; they are classed in terms of the concentrations, relative size, and associations with apolipoproteins [ 33 ]. HDL, intermediate-low density lipoproteins (IDL), LDL, very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and chylomicrons are the traditional categories [ 34 ]. Lipoprotein (a) is another lipoprotein that is an LDL moiety with an additional apolipoprotein (a) (apo (a) connected to the LDL particle’s apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100) component through a disulfide bridge).…”

Rosuvastatin effects on the HDL proteome in hyperlipidemic patients

“…With the mass spectrometry success, the use of next-generation proteomics is continuing to expand in the search for prospective disease markers and to elucidate the ASCVD origin mechanisms (9). Occurring proteomic data has allowed a better functional understanding of the lipoprotein proteome, with the protein-rich HDLs being most frequently examined (10). Proteins take up to 65 % of the molecular weight of the HDL fraction, presented mostly by apolipoproteins, proteins involved in lipid turnover, proteins involved in the inflammatory response, complement proteins, and different protease inhibitors (11).…”