Signals that stop the rot: Regulation of secondary metabolite defences in cereals

Meyer, Jacqueline; Murray, Shane L.; Berger, David Kenneth

doi:10.1016/j.pmpp.2015.05.011

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 139 publications

(287 reference statements)

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“…Functionally, these unique class of flavonoid phytoalexins are initially synthesized in the cytoplasm of epidermal sorghum cells following fungal infection, and accumulate in inclusion bodies. These are translocated toward the site of fungal invasion, where they are then released in active form and kill both the fungus and cells that synthesized them (Poloni and Schirawski, 2014; Meyer et al, 2016). The kinetics and intensity of this response appear to be cultivar-dependent, as reflected by the results in Figure 7C (and Supplementary Figure S9), showing comparative cultivar-related differences in the fold change of apigeninidin and luteolinidin, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic Analysis of Defense-Related Reprogramming in Sorghum bicolor in Response to Colletotrichum sublineolum Infection Reveals a Functional Metabolic Web of Phenylpropanoid and Flavonoid Pathways

et al. 2019

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The metabolome of a biological system provides a functional readout of the cellular state, thus serving as direct signatures of biochemical events that define the dynamic equilibrium of metabolism and the correlated phenotype. Hence, to elucidate biochemical processes involved in sorghum responses to fungal infection, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomic study was designed. Metabolic alterations of three sorghum cultivars responding to Colletotrichum sublineolum, were investigated. At the 4-leaf growth stage, the plants were inoculated with fungal spore suspensions and the infection monitored over time: 0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days post inoculation. Non-infected plants were used as negative controls. The metabolite composition of aqueous-methanol extracts were analyzed on an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system coupled to high-definition mass spectrometry. The acquired multidimensional data were processed to create data matrices for multivariate statistical analysis and chemometric modeling. The computed chemometric models indicated time- and cultivar-related metabolic changes that reflect sorghum responses to the fungal infection. Metabolic pathway and correlation-based network analyses revealed that this multi-component defense response is characterized by a functional metabolic web, containing defense-related molecular cues to counterattack the pathogen invasion. Components of this network are metabolites from a range of interconnected metabolic pathways with the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways being the central hub of the web. One of the key features of this altered metabolism was the accumulation of an array of phenolic compounds, particularly de novo biosynthesis of the antifungal 3-deoxyanthocynidin phytoalexins, apigeninidin, luteolinidin, and related conjugates. The metabolic results were complemented by qRT-PCR gene expression analyses that showed upregulation of defense-related marker genes. Unraveling key characteristics of the biochemical mechanism underlying sorghum—C. sublineolum interactions, provided valuable insights with potential applications in breeding crop plants with enhanced disease resistance. Furthermore, the study contributes to ongoing efforts toward a comprehensive understanding of the regulation and reprogramming of plant metabolism under biotic stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic Analysis of Defense-Related Reprogramming in Sorghum bicolor in Response to Colletotrichum sublineolum Infection Reveals a Functional Metabolic Web of Phenylpropanoid and Flavonoid Pathways

et al. 2019

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“…Chitinase is one of the most important plant secondary metabolites, and plays an important role in defence against pathogens. Plants have developed extensive mechanisms to perceive chitin elicitors and respond to these stressors by triggering innate defence responses (Meyer et al 30). Interestingly, our GO analysis showed that five and three genes that encoded for chitinase activity were enriched in the NMP vs NM comparison and AMP vs AM comparison respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus alleviates alfalfa leaf spots caused by Phoma medicaginis revealed by RNA‐seq analysis

Duan

Zhang

2019

J Appl Microbiol

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Aims One of the major limitations to the production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the fungus Phoma medicaginis, which infects alfalfa and causes leaf spots. This study aims to understand alfalfa’s response to P. medicaginis infection, the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and the effect of AMF on plant–pathogen interactions. Methods and Results Transcriptome analysis (RNA‐seq) was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in alfalfa infected by P. medicaginis and colonized by AMF Rhizophagus intraradices. AMF ameliorated the effects of P. medicaginis infection on alfalfa by reducing leaf spot incidence and disease index by 39·48 and 56·18% respectively. Inoculation with pathogen and AMF induced the activity of defence pathways, including peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase activities and jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid concentration. Plants showed differential expression of P. medicaginis resistance‐related genes, including genes belonging to pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins, chitinase activity, flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism and photosynthesis. Inoculation with AMF led to changes in the expression of genes involved in PR proteins, chitinase activity, phenylalanine metabolism and photosynthesis. Conclusion The physiological and transcriptional changes caused by P. medicaginis infection in non‐mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal alfalfa provides crucial information for understanding AMF’s association with pathogenic systems. Significance and Impact of the Study This study showed that AMF alleviated alfalfa leaf spots demonstrating that AMF can serve as a biocontrol strategy for alfalfa disease management.

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“…As for the flavonoids, luteolin and apigenin were the two flavones that were identified and quantified in the sorghum varieties (Dykes et al 2011). Flavonoid phytoalexins, such as 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, are synthesized by sorghum after treatment with jasmonic acid, as an essential component of active defense mechanisms (Du et al 2010;Meyer et al 2016). The 3-deoxyanthocyanins have been identified as orange luteolinidin and the yellow apigeninidin.…”

Section: Herbaceous Energy Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemicals in bioenergy crops

2019

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The use of natural compounds derived from agricultural crops and other plants as health promoting chemicals gains tremendous growing interest in various industrial sectors as well as among people worldwide. These chemicals have been more and more employed by the food industry as food additives, functional food ingredients, nutraceuticals, by feedstuffs industry, but also by the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The general idea for this interest is to use natural products as potential alternatives to synthetic chemicals. On the other hand, some plants characterized by high yield and being used as energy crops also contained significant amount of bioactive compounds. This review focuses on the wide spectrum of the phytochemicals present in available biomass plants. It is supposed that extraction of bioactive chemicals from energy crops before their energetic use may increase economical effectiveness, providing simultaneously a double benefit in the form of phytochemicals and bioenergy as value added products. This remains in line with bioeconomy, which is defined by European Commission as ''the production of renewable biological resources and the conversion of these resources and waste streams into value added products, such as food, feed, bio-based products and bioenergy''. However, the issue is still a challenging effort due to the high costs, technology readiness and regulatory hurdles.

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Signals that stop the rot: Regulation of secondary metabolite defences in cereals

Cited by 15 publications

References 139 publications

Metabolomic Analysis of Defense-Related Reprogramming in Sorghum bicolor in Response to Colletotrichum sublineolum Infection Reveals a Functional Metabolic Web of Phenylpropanoid and Flavonoid Pathways

Metabolomic Analysis of Defense-Related Reprogramming in Sorghum bicolor in Response to Colletotrichum sublineolum Infection Reveals a Functional Metabolic Web of Phenylpropanoid and Flavonoid Pathways

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus alleviates alfalfa leaf spots caused by Phoma medicaginis revealed by RNA‐seq analysis

Phytochemicals in bioenergy crops

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