“…Ret gene encodes RET receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated by GDNF through the assembly of the receptor complexes with GFRα1 (Jing et al, 1996; Treanor et al, 1996). RET signaling is pleiotropic in ENS development, regulating (Natarajan et al, 2002; Uesaka et al, 2013; Young et al, 2001), proliferation (Gianino et al, 2003; Taraviras et al, 1999), neuronal differentiation (Uesaka et al, 2013), and survival (Taraviras et al, 1999; Uesaka et al, 2008) of vagal neural crest (NC)‐derived ENS progenitors. Mice that lack Gdnf , Gfrα1 , or Ret display a complete absence of enteric ganglia below stomach (Cacalano et al, 1998; Enomoto et al, 1998; Moore et al, 1996; Pichel et al, 1996; Sanchez et al, 1996; Schuchardt et al, 1994).…”