Signal reflection-enabled geographical routing for underwater sensor networks

Abstract

The 3-D nature of the underwater environment has made geographical-routing a popular choice in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UW-ASNs). A geographical (geo) routing protocol works by using the position information to find the best route from a source to a destination. These algorithms, often try to minimize the line-of-sight (LOS) Euclidean distance between hops, which is not always possible due to blocked LOS paths resulting in voids (or local minimum). Thus, traditional geo-routing algorithms typically employ a face routing recovery scheme that allows for back-tracking when blocked LOS links are encountered, which adds delay to the data delivery time. To overcome this, we propose a geo-routing scheme that does not depend on the LOS and utilize directional antennas to incorporate surface-reflected non-line-of-sight (NLOS) links in the routing process. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is configured to optimize the route selection to achieve maximum network throughput. Simulation results are provided to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm.

On Utilizing Static Courier Nodes to Achieve Energy Efficiency with Depth Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

“…The geographical position protocol found geographical location and best path to reach from source to destination. Few algorithms have been proposed to find the minimum distance between hop and these algorithms allows the back-tracking when typical blocked line of sight are occurred which can cause delay to overcome this few algorithms have been proposed which are optimized for the route selection and can achieve maximum throughput - [1].…”

Underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization: A survey

“…A geographical reflection enabled routing protocol was introduced in [223] which tries to find the stable route between the source node and the destination node. Directional antennas were used in [223] to consider both LoS and NLoS links between the neighbor nodes. Fig.…”

“…Fig. 15 shows the different scenarios for the proposed routing protocol in [223], where it can be seen from Fig. 15b and Fig.…”

“…15c that the directive and NLoS communication can help in simultaneous transmissions respectively, thus improving the throughput of the network. The proposed routing protocol in [223] was designed for acoustic underwater networks which can also be well adopted for UOWNs. Sector based routing protocols were designed in [224], [225] with the location prediction of destination.…”

“…Multihop underwater routing protocols: a) Omnidirectional, b) LoS directive, and c) NLoS directive (Reflective)[223].…”