Sighs During Sleep in Adult Humans

Pérez‐Padilla, Rogelio; West, Peter; Kryger, Meir H.

doi:10.1093/sleep/6.3.234

Cited by 70 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Sighs prevent atelectasis and sigh genesis is linked to wake-promoting neuronal circuits and vigilance (35,66). Hypoxia is a strong arousing stimulus, in part because of the frequent sighing that it induces (11,17,60,61,63). Sigh incidence is inversely correlated with the FI O 2 and these events are triggered by carotid body input (8,22,27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective optogenetic stimulation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in sleeping rats activates breathing without changing blood pressure or causing arousal or sighs

Burke

Kanbar

Viar

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Burke PG, Kanbar R, Viar KE, Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG. Selective optogenetic stimulation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in sleeping rats activates breathing without changing blood pressure or causing arousal or sighs. J Appl Physiol 118: 1491-1501. First published April 9, 2015 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2015.-Combined optogenetic activation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN; a CO 2/proton-activated brainstem nucleus) with nearby catecholaminergic neurons (C1 and A5), or selective C1 neuron stimulation, increases blood pressure (BP) and breathing, causes arousal from non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and triggers sighs. Here we wished to determine which of these physiological responses are elicited when RTN neurons are selectively activated. The left rostral RTN and nearby A5 neurons were transduced with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2 ϩ ) using a lentiviral vector. Very few C1 cells were transduced. BP, breathing, EEG, and neck EMG were monitored. During non-REM sleep, photostimulation of ChR2 ϩ neurons (20s, 2-20 Hz) instantly increased V E without changing BP (13 rats). V E and BP were unaffected by light in nine control (ChR2 Ϫ ) rats. Photostimulation produced no sighs and caused arousal (EEG desynchronization) more frequently in ChR2 ϩ than ChR2 Ϫ rats (62 Ϯ 5% of trials vs. 25 Ϯ 2%; P Ͻ 0.0001). Six ChR2 ϩ rats then received spinal injections of a saporin-based toxin that spared RTN neurons but destroyed surrounding catecholaminergic neurons. Photostimulation of the ChR2 ϩ neurons produced the same ventilatory stimulation before and after lesion, but arousal was no longer elicited. Overall (all ChR2 ϩ rats combined), ⌬V E correlated with the number of ChR2 ϩ RTN neurons whereas arousal probability correlated with the number of ChR2 ϩ catecholaminergic neurons. In conclusion, RTN neurons activate breathing powerfully and, unlike the C1 cells, have minimal effects on BP and have a weak arousal capability at best. A5 neuron stimulation produces little effect on breathing and BP but does appear to facilitate arousal.arousal; A5 noradrenergic neurons; hypercapnia; non-REM sleep; retrotrapezoid nucleus HYPOXIA AND HYPERCAPNIA, ALONE or in combination, activate breathing and, if severe enough, produce arousal (17,60,62,63). The carotid bodies are largely responsible for the hypoxic ventilatory stimulation and for hypoxia-induced arousal because both responses are eliminated by ablating these organelles (17). How and where central nervous system (CNS) hypercarbia elicits the hypercapnic ventilatory reflex (HCVR) are still debated, and the CNS pathways responsible for arousal to hypoxia or hypercapnia are even more conjectural. The prevailing view is that both the HCVR and CO 2 -induced arousal result from the combined action of CO 2 on myriads of CNS pH-sensitive neurons, including serotonergic, noradrenergic, and orexinergic neurons (13,21,29,41,49,59,67).The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) is a key structure for the HCVR. RTN neurons are glutamatergic and seem to operate both as a central respiratory chemorece...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective optogenetic stimulation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in sleeping rats activates breathing without changing blood pressure or causing arousal or sighs

Burke

Kanbar

Viar

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physiology

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show abstract

“…Although sighs have been described during sleep in infants [36] and in adults [28], their physiological significance is not well understood. Some data in infants suggest a role of sighs in restoration of lung mechanics [37] and in resetting the neuro-respiratory control system [36] or as a trigger of arousals during sleep [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…O 2 desaturations o4% per hour of TIB were determined as the O 2 desaturation index. Sighs were defined as large breaths with VTs greater than twice the previous stable VT amplitude [28]. The CO 2 apnoea threshold was defined as the value of PET,CO 2 of the last breath before an apnoea occurred [29].…”

Section: Data Analysis and Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children at high altitude have less nocturnal periodic breathing than adults

Kohler¹,

Kriemler²,

Wilhelm³

et al. 2008

European Respiratory Journal

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Although children commonly travel to high altitudes, their respiratory adaptation to hypoxia remains elusive. Therefore, in the present study respiratory inductive plethysmography, pulse oximetry (Sp,O 2 ) and end-tidal CO 2 tension (PET,CO 2 ) were recorded in 20 pre-pubertal children (aged 9-12 yrs) and their fathers during 1 night in Zurich (490 m) and 2 nights at the Swiss Jungfrau-Joch research station (3,450 m) following ascent by train within ,3 h.In children, mean¡SD nocturnal Sp,O 2 fell from 98¡1% at 490 m to 85¡4 and 86¡4% at 3,450 m (nights 1 and 2, respectively); PET,CO 2 decreased significantly from 37¡6 to 32¡3 and 33¡4 mmHg (3,450 versus 490 m). In adults, changes in nocturnal Sp,O 2 and PET,CO 2 at 3,450 m were similar to those in children.Children spent less time in periodic breathing at 3,450 m during night 1 and 2 (8¡11 and 9¡13%, respectively) than adults (34¡24 and 22¡17%, respectively), and their apnoea threshold for CO 2 was lower compared with adults (27¡2 and 30¡2 mmHg, respectively, both nights). Sp,O 2 , PET,CO 2 and time in periodic breathing at altitude were not correlated between children and their fathers.In conclusion, children revealed a similarly reduced nocturnal O 2 saturation and associated hyperventilation at high altitude as adults but their breathing pattern was more stable, possibly related to a lower apnoea threshold for CO 2 .

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“…The augmented breath, or sigh, is a perturbation that momentarily changes the operating setpoints for breath production (Perez-Padilla et al 1983). While the exact origin of spontaneous sighs may be multi-factoral, respiratory pauses and/or a slower breath frequency are observed after sighs and are considered to be due to chemomodulation, or to Hering Bruer reflex inhibition of inspiration via vagal stimulation from stretch receptors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-sigh breathing behavior and spontaneous pauses in the C57BL/6J (B6) mouse

Yamauchi

Ocak

Dostal

et al. 2008

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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The purpose was to examine sighs and spontaneous pauses in regard to the stability of resting breathing in the B6 strain, compared to the A/J strain. A 5-HT 1A receptor agonist (buspirone) and a chromosomal substitution strain (B6a1) were used to further alter breathing patterning. Tenminute recordings of room air breathing were collected from unanaesthetized B6, A/J, and B6a1 mice. Despite no differences between strains in the magnitude and incidence of sighs, post-sigh apneas, the variation for duration of expiration (Te) after sighs, and the number of spontaneous pauses were greater in the B6, while Shannon Entropy (nonlinear metrics) for Te after sighs was lower in B6, compared to the other strains. Buspirone and chromosomal substitution eliminated post-sigh apneas and decreased spontaneous pauses. A greater irregularity and the lower complexity of post-sigh breathing in B6 are reversed by elements on A/J Chromosome 1 and by increased 5-HT 1A serotonergic tone.

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Sighs During Sleep in Adult Humans

Cited by 70 publications

References 20 publications

Selective optogenetic stimulation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in sleeping rats activates breathing without changing blood pressure or causing arousal or sighs

Selective optogenetic stimulation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in sleeping rats activates breathing without changing blood pressure or causing arousal or sighs

Children at high altitude have less nocturnal periodic breathing than adults

Post-sigh breathing behavior and spontaneous pauses in the C57BL/6J (B6) mouse

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