The
prevailing transmission of image information over
the Internet
of Things demands trustworthy cryptography for high security and privacy.
State-of-the-art security modules are usually physically separated
from the sensory terminals that capture images, which unavoidably
exposes image information to various attacks during the transmission
process. Here we develop in-sensor cryptography that enables capturing
images and producing security keys in the same hardware devices. The
generated key inherently binds to the captured images, which gives
rise to highly trustworthy cryptography. Using the intrinsic electronic
and optoelectronic characteristics of the 256 molybdenum disulfide
phototransistor array, we can harvest electronic and optoelectronic
binary keys with a physically unclonable function and further upgrade
them into multiple-state ternary and double-binary keys, exhibiting
high uniformity, uniqueness, randomness, and coding capacity. This
in-sensor cryptography enables highly trustworthy image encryption
to avoid passive attacks and image authentication to prevent unauthorized
editions.