Sidechains: Highlights and Challenges

Musungate, Blessing Ngonidzashe; Candan, Büşra; Cabuk, Umut Can; Dalkılıç, Gökhan

doi:10.1109/asyu48272.2019.8946384

Cited by 15 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Different IoT protocols such as constrained application protocol (CoAP) or lightweight machine-to-machine (LWM2M) may be better for various scenarios. Future works shall also include the integration of sidechains (as explained in [29]) to extend the network with additional layers of secure data storage. Throughout this study, we have discovered two possible barriers to widespread adoption of the proposed method: The first is the considerably low number of allowed transactions per second within most blockchain systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data immutability and event management via blockchain in the Internet of things

ALTAŞ,

DALKILIÇ,

ÇABUK

2022

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

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The Internet of things (IoT) is the key enabler of the smart systems used in many areas, from agriculture to aviation, industrial automation to autonomous vehicles. Most IoT deployments employ cost-efficient lightweight devices with limited resources (e.g., bandwidth, energy, storage). Although an IoT network must be built in its simplest form, engineers include more sophisticated devices like gateways and servers to provide web-based services and benefit from cloud systems. So that, although the nodes can be widely distributed geographically or topologically, the system becomes centralized, which causes bottlenecks and single-points-of-failure. Furthermore, providing data integrity, non-repudiation, and event management becomes tricky. In most IoT scenarios, data usually flows from sensors to storage and processing units, whereas event-driven commands and triggers flow from these units to actuators, if any. Therefore, an attacker who gained access to parts of the centralized systems may leak, alter, or remove critical data and may exploit event handling features. This is where blockchain technology can be extremely useful. Using a decentralized ledger as the data storage unit provides integrity, immutability, and non-repudiation for any IoT deployment. And a customized smart contract lets the IoT deployment benefit from decentralized and immutable (i.e., non-manipulatable) event management features, too. Further, decentralization provides resilience against availability attacks to a large extent. With this motivation, we introduced a novel IoT architecture that incorporates an Ethereum-based private (Quorum) blockchain running a unique ad-hoc smart contract and a message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) based communication scheme between sensor and actuator nodes. The scheme, the ledger, and the smart contract have also been implemented with several nodes, a broker, and a server all on a PC using Docker containers, where the server was running a forest fire risk detection algorithm as the use case scenario. The proof-of-concept successfully validates the abovesaid functionality, scalability, and efficiency for the given IoT scenario (and some others). Moreover, performance tests showed that an instance of the system with 1000 nodes could stably process and record incoming (sensor) data up to 12.5 transactions per second (TPS) and distribute commands up to 4 TPS, whereas higher TPS is achievable depending on the network conditions and tolerance to losses. The scheme was shown to have polynomial message and time complexity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data immutability and event management via blockchain in the Internet of things

ALTAŞ,

DALKILIÇ,

ÇABUK

2022

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

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“…The sidechain technology is able to relieve the pressure on the main chain and can store and process a portion of the transactions alone. However, sidechain technology has increased system complexity and introduced new security problems, such as fraudulent transfer and mining centralization [ 25 ].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scalable Cross-Chain Access Control and Identity Authentication Scheme

Ding

Zhang

Qin

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Cross-chain is an emerging blockchain technology which builds the bridge across homogeneous and heterogeneous blockchains. However, due to the differentiation of different blockchains and the lack of access control and identity authentication of cross-chain operation subjects, existing cross-chain technologies are struggling to accomplish the identity transformation of cross-chain subjects between different chains, and also pose great challenges in terms of the traceability and supervision of dangerous transactions. To address the above issues, this paper proposes a scalable cross-chain access control and identity authentication scheme, which can authenticate the legitimacy of blockchains in the cross-chain system and ensure that all cross-chain operations are carried out by verified users. Furthermore, it will record all cross-chain operations with the help of Superchain in order to regulate and trace illegal transactions. Our scheme is scalable and, at the same time, has low invasiveness to blockchains in the cross-chain system. We implement the scheme and accordingly conduct the evaluations, which prove its security, efficiency, and scalability.

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