Sialic Acid Is a Cellular Receptor for Coxsackievirus A24 Variant, an Emerging Virus with Pandemic Potential

Nilsson, Emma; Jamshidi, Fariba; Johansson, Silvia; Oberste, M. Steven; Arnberg, Niklas

doi:10.1128/jvi.00615-08

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Antigenically CVA-24 variants are considered to be prime strains of CVA-24 [34,132]. CVA-24v uses sialic acid as a receptor [133] but the receptor for non-AHC-causing CVA-24 strains is not known. Remarkably, another AHCcausing EV with potential for pandemic spread, future science group EV-70, uses the same receptor [134,135].…”

Section: Future Science Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Newly Described Enteroviruses

Smura¹,

Savolainen-Kopra

Roivainen

2010

Future Virol.

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Enteroviruses (EVs) are small nonenveloped RNA viruses. The genus Enterovirus makes up the Picornaviridae family together with the genera Aphthovirus, Avihepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Erbovirus, Hepatovirus, Kobuvirus, Parechovirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, Teschovirus and Tremovirus. Picornaviruses are classified in the order Picornavirales. The Enterovirus genus currently consists of ten species [301], which are further divided into multiple serotypes. An EV species is defined as a polythetic class of phylogenetically related serotypes or strains that share a limited range of natural hosts and host cell receptors, a significant degree of compatibility in proteolytic processing, replication, encapsidation and genetic recombination, greater than 70% amino acid identity in P1, 2C and 3CD proteins (for all EV genome map see Figure 1A and below) and have a genome (G+C) base composition that varies by no more than 2.5% [1]. Seven of the species; human EV (HEV)-A, HEV-B, HEV-C, HEV-D, human rhinovirus A (HRV-A), HRV-B and HRV-C, are known to infect humans ( Figure 1B). The other species of the genus infect monkeys (Simian EV-A and an as yet unclassified novel species consisting of types SV-6, EV-103 and EV-108 isolated from captive simians [2,3]), bovines (bovine EV) and pigs (porcine EV-B).The EV genome is a single-stranded positivesense RNA molecule of approximately 7500 nucleotides, consisting of a single open reading frame flanked by 5´ and 3´ noncoding regions (NCRs) [4]. The 5´ NCR contains two functional domains; a cloverleaf, which is a cis-acting element in viral replication [5,6] and an internal ribosome-binding site, which is essential for translation initiation [7][8][9]. The 3´ NCR forms highly conserved secondary and tertiary structures that are important in replication initiation [10][11][12][13]. The open reading frame is translated into a single, large polypeptide, which is subsequently cleaved by viral proteases (reviewed in [14]). The polypeptide is divided into three domains, P1-3, consisting of three to four proteins each. The P1 region contains viral capsid proteins VP1-4, whilst P2 and P3 contain the nonstructural proteins 2A-C and 3A-D, respectively ( Figure 1A).Several new EV serotypes and a new HRV species have been characterized in the Enterovirus genus recently. In this article we will focus on the evolution and emergence of new EVs. By definition a new EV type means a previously unknown capsid type, since recombination at the 5´NCR and nonstructural protein coding region appears to be a prominent feature for both new and previously known EV serotypes (see below, [15][16][17][18][19]). In this article we use the term new or newly described virus for those HEV and HRV types that have been characterized by molecular methods (sequence comparison) rather than by antigenical typing methods ('classic' HEV and HRV serotypes). Since at least most of the recently characterized new EVs are not newly arisen but rather newly detected (see below), the question about the origin of the new EV types can ...

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Section: Future Science Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Newly Described Enteroviruses

Smura¹,

Savolainen-Kopra

Roivainen

2010

Future Virol.

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“…Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v) uses SA-containing glycoconjugates as attachment receptors on corneal cells (Nilsson et al, 2008). Yang et al (2009) hypothesized that SA would be important for EV71 infection, as the transmission route of EV71 and CVA24v is fecal-oral and/or droplet-aerosol route.…”

Section: Sialic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular Receptors for Human Enterovirus Species A

Nishimura¹,

Shimizu²

2012

Front. Microbio.

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Human enterovirus species A (HEV-A) is one of the four species of HEV in the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae. Among HEV-A, coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71) are the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Some other types of HEV-A are commonly associated with herpangina. Although HFMD and herpangina due to HEV-A are common febrile diseases among infants and children, EV71 can cause various neurological diseases, such as aseptic meningitis and fatal encephalitis. Recently, two human transmembrane proteins, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2), were identified as functional receptors for EV71 and CVA16. In in vitro infection experiments using the prototype HEV-A strains, PSGL-1 and SCARB2 could be responsible for the specific receptors for EV71 and CVA16. However, the involvement of both receptors in the in vitro and in vivo infections of clinical isolates of HEV-A has not been clarified yet. To elucidate a diverse array of the clinical outcome of HEV-A-associated diseases, the identification and characterization of HEV-A receptors may provide useful information in understanding the HEV-A pathogenesis at a molecular level.

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“…However, our knowledge about the structural diversity and widespread occurrence of sialic acids is yet to be matched by the understanding of their biological function and underlying molecular mechanisms. Even though striking biological roles of sialic acids in key cellular and molecular interactions and developmental pathways have been revealed [7] (e.g., virus-host interactions [8][9][10], cancer cell differentiation [11], immune [12] and nervous system functioning and development [13,14], integrin-mediated adhesion [15], apoptosis [16], TrkA tyrosine kinase receptor signaling [17], etc. ), these findings likely represent only the tip of the iceberg.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sialylation in protostomes: a perspective from Drosophila genetics and biochemistry

et al. 2008

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Numerous studies have revealed important functions for sialylation in both prokaryotes and higher animals. However, the genetic and biochemical potential for sialylation in Drosophila has only been confirmed recently. Recent studies suggest significant similarities between the sialylation pathways of vertebrates and insects and provide evidence for their common evolutionary origin. These new data support the hypothesis that sialylation in insects is a specialized and developmentally regulated process which likely plays a prominent role in the nervous system. Yet several key issues remain to be addressed in Drosophila, including the initiation of sialic acid de novo biosynthesis and understanding the structure and function of sialylated glycoconjugates. This review discusses our current knowledge of the Drosophila sialylation pathway, as compared to the pathway in bacteria and vertebrates. We arrive at the conclusion that Drosophila is emerging as a useful model organism that is poised to shed new light on the function of sialylation not only in protostomes, but also in a larger evolutionary context.

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Sialic Acid Is a Cellular Receptor for Coxsackievirus A24 Variant, an Emerging Virus with Pandemic Potential

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Evolution of Newly Described Enteroviruses

Evolution of Newly Described Enteroviruses

Cellular Receptors for Human Enterovirus Species A

Sialylation in protostomes: a perspective from Drosophila genetics and biochemistry

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