Shyness, Self-Esteem, and Self-Consciousness

Cheek, Julianne; Melchior, Lisa A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2504-6_3

Cited by 91 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…Further, participants assigned to a low power role were rated by their partners as less powerful (m = 3.02, SD = 1.34) than were partici pants assigned to a high power role (m = 4.37, Note. The items ''shy'', ''awkward'', and ''outgoing'' were also measured in the questionnaire but were not included in the factor analyses with emotion words because they are behavioral traits (Cheek & Melchior, 1990;John, 1990). The item ''comfortable'' loaded negatively as a negative emotion and not as a positive emotion in a preliminary factor analysis, and so only ''discomfort'' was retained in the negative emotion composite to reduce redundancy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note. The item ''shy'' was also measured in the questionnaire but was not included in the factor analyses with emotion words because shyness is a behavioral trait (Cheek & Melchior, 1990). The item ''contempt'' was not included in the negative composite because its factor loading was notably lower than all of the other negative emotion factor loadings.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social power and emotional experience: Actor and partner effects within dyadic interactions

Langner

Keltner

2008

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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A dyadic methodological and statistical approach to social power is used to test the notion that an individual's power and a partner's power have distinct effects on the individual's emotional experience. Two studies examined actor and partner effects of social power on emotion within dyadic interactions. Across interpersonal contexts and measures of social power, the individual's own social power, the orized to activate behavioral approach, was associated with positive emotion (an actor effect). In contrast, being subject to a partner's elevated social power, theorized to activate behavioral inhibition, was associated with increased negative emotion (a partner effect). The discussion focuses on how dyadic methodological and statistical approaches point to new lines of inquiry in the study of social power.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social power and emotional experience: Actor and partner effects within dyadic interactions

Langner

Keltner

2008

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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“…Van Ameringen et al (23) further bolstered this viewpoint when they examined the role of social and nonsocial inhibition in predicting anxiety disorder symptomatology. In their study, patients were asked to complete the RSRI (21) and Revised Shyness Scale (24). They found that social rather than nonsocial fearfulness accounted for the relationship between BI and the symptomatic presentation of the anxiety disorders, further supporting the notion of the relationship between BI and social phobia.…”

Section: L'inhibition Comportementale : Un Prédicteur D'anxiétémentioning

confidence: 88%

Behavioural inhibition: A predictor of anxiety

Svihra

Katzman

2004

Paediatrics &Amp; Child Health

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Anxiety disorders are prevalent and contribute to emotional suffering and significant economic loss. Early identification and treatment are essential, not only to reduce the associated morbidity, disability and mortality of the anxiety disorders themselves, but also to minimize development of frequent comorbidities such as depression and substance abuse. To understand the factors that increase susceptibility to developing anxiety disorders, a temperamental construct called behavioural inhibition, which refers to the consistent tendency of some children to demonstrate fear and withdrawal in novel situations, has been developed. The present article reviews studies investigating this model as a premorbid predictor of those at risk for developing anxiety disorders, including prospective studies of children at risk as well as retrospective and family studies. In summary, these data suggest the usefulness of this model and a need for further research to determine the optimal management of behaviourally inhibited children as a potential way to prevent adult psychopathology.

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“…Of course, social skills training would add to one's repertoire of social abilities; how@ ever, as Girodo et al suggested, awareness that the application of these abilities can produce successful interpersonal exchanges can increase one's self-confidence and self-esteem while lowering social anxiety. Another suggestion for the treatment of shyness includes a combination of social skills training with cognitive restructuring and systematic desensitization (Cheek & Melchior, 1990). Kelly and Keaten (1992) addressed the effectiveness of a behavioral modification program developed at Pennsylvania State University (PSU) known as the PSU Reticence Program.…”

Section: Shynessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loneliness, shyness, and depression: The etiology and interrelationships of everyday problems in living.

Dill

Anderson²

The Interactional Nature of Depression: Advances in Interpersonal Approaches.

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In addition to the emotional trauma and psychological suffering inflicted on the victims, these problems exact a heavy monetary toll on society. Like a pebble tossed into a pond, these problems have their most obvious effects at the point of entry, but the impact radiates outward in an ever-widening circle. Perhaps this simile is too optimistic: It implies that one can observe and predict relatively low-level effects as the modestsized waves dissipate at increasing distances from the initial point of impact. A coastal earthquake may provide a better analogy. The most obvious victims are those at the epicenter-the shy, the lonely, and the depressed. However, such traumatic events can lead to unexpected problems at quite some distance, just as the tsunami created by the earthquake can appear suddenly and unexpectedly thousands of miles away. For example, it is not simply the immediate family who suffer with the shy, lonely, and depressed; coworkers, friends, and acquaintances of the family may also be adversely affected. The health care costs, lost days at work, increased accident rates, and decreased productivity of the immediate victims and these "ripple effect" victims are all consequences of shyness, loneliness, and depression.Other hidden costs also accrue. For instance, there are theoretical and empirical reasons to suspect that these problems in living increase the likelihood of a variety of violent behaviors, ranging from child abuse to murder. For instance, Lee, Zimbardo, and Bertholf (1977) showed that convicted murderers who had no prior history of violence were unusually shy. Shyness, loneliness, and depression may all increase a variety of aggressive behaviors through at least three separate mechanisms (e.g., Anderson, Anderson, & Deuser, 1996; see also Berkowitz, 1993;Geen, 1990). First, the lack of satisfying interpersonal ties may contribute to a lower or less effective set of inhibitions against aggression. Second, the high level of negative affect characteristic of these problems in living may increase unwarranted aggression. Finally, these problems may prime aggressive thoughts, thus producing increases in aggression. THE ROLE OF MODERN SOCIETYNumerous characteristics of modern society contribute to shyness, loneliness, and depression. The high mobility in U.S. society makes it difficult to develop and maintain close interpersonal relationships, even within families. Similarly, the loss of intergenerational ties and the rise of single-parent families contribute to the social isolation that underlies many of the problems in living. These characteristics of modem U.

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Shyness, Self-Esteem, and Self-Consciousness

Cited by 91 publications

References 160 publications

Social power and emotional experience: Actor and partner effects within dyadic interactions

Social power and emotional experience: Actor and partner effects within dyadic interactions

Behavioural inhibition: A predictor of anxiety

Loneliness, shyness, and depression: The etiology and interrelationships of everyday problems in living.

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